Guide to Plants Major Non-Vascular and Vascular Divisions,

Non-Vascular, Seedless Plants 1. Very small in size 2. Live in moist environments (contains no xylem and phloem to transport water, all done cell to cell via osmosis) 3. Grown in clumps or masses known as mattes 4. Ex: Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts 5. 25,000 species known

Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts Bryophyta = MossesHepatophyta = Liverworts Anthocerophyta= Hornworts

Seedless, Vascular Plants  Have leaves that are adapted for reproduction  Have 2 types of vascular tissue: 1.Xylem- dead tubular tissue that transport water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves 2.Phloem- living tubular cells that transport sugars from the leaves to all parts of the cells 3.Produce spores and exhibit alternation of generations Ex: Club mosses, Horse Tails, and Ferns

Vascular Non-Seed, Whisk Fern

Whisk Fern Structure

Club Moss

Selaginella (Div. Lycophyta)  Selaginella is the only fern that is hetero- sporous, meaning that it produces two kinds of spores, micro and megaspores.Microspores develop into male gametophytes while megaspores develop into female gametophytes.

Vascular Seed Plants  All have well developed true roots, stems, and leaves with xylem and phloem  Produce seeds to protect plant embryos, provide nutrients, and create dispersion  2 Main categories: –Gymnosperm –Angiosperm

Gymnosperms  Vascular plants that produce “naked seeds” within cones (meaning not encased in a fruit) 1. Seeds are developing embryos formed from cross pollination, which are surrounded by a food supply in a tough protective coat(Have male and female cones in all but one species) -Pollen grains are produced by spores (in cones) a. Microspore-male gametophyte b. Megaspore-female gametophyte

Advantages of Seeds  Contains a supply of food to nourish the young plant during its early stages of growth (leaves are absent or underdeveloped)  Fertilization does not require water, instead wind and animals can transport pollen grains to ovules of neighboring plants  Ex: Gingkophyta, Coniferophyta (pine trees)

Cycadophyta (Cycads)

Prehistoric Cycads-short and stout, cone bearing, found in tropics

Gnetophyta: desert dwelling, seed bearing, live up to 100 yrs

Ginkgophyta: One Species Left!! Ginkgo biloba No cones, fan-shaped leaves, male and female develop on separate trees!

Coniferophyta  Cone bearing, alter. of generations, needle like leaves  Examples:  Monkey Puzzle Tree   Pacific Yew- fights cancer  Redwoods-tallest living plants

Angiosperms  Plants that produce flowers and develop seeds encased in a fruit  Fruits-ripened ovaries (female reproductive organs of plants  Advantages of fruit- –Protects the seed/seeds –Aides in dispersal of the seeds

Main Categories of Angiosperm  Monocots  Class Monocotyledonae  One seed leaf/one food compartment  Flower parts in multiples of 3  Parallel venation in the leaves  Long narrow leaves  Shallow root systems  Alternating xylem and phloem in vascular tissue  Dicots  Class Dicotyledonae  Two seed leaves/two food storage compartments  Flower parts in multiples in 2, 4, or 5  Branched venation (network of veins in leaf)  Lobed, barbed, rounded leaves  Deep tap root systems  Xylem and Phloem form continuous cylinders

Anthophyta: Flower Bearing Seeds

“Nice Coat!” Bean Seed Above Is A Dicot! Corn Seed Below Is A Monocot!

Monocot or Dicot?

Angiosperm Reproduction-1

Angiosperm Reproduction-2

Angiosperm Reproduction-3