Kingdom Archaebactreria & Eubacteria formally (Prokaryota & Monera) Bacteria Ch 18.2 Prokaryotes = no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus or mitochondria)

6 Major Kingdoms: Protista Fungi Planta Animalia Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Planta Animalia 1 cell, prokaryotes 1 cell, eukaryotes & algae Multicelled, absorptive feeders Muticelled, autotrophs Muticelled heterotrophs

C. Three major differences between the 2 bacteria Kingdoms: (All are prokaryotes & One celled, Ubiquitous = found everywhere) Many biochemical differences Difference cell walls and lipid membranes Structure & functions of the of the archaebacteria are more similar to the Eukaryotes

Bacteria Kingdom Characteristics: Eubacteria Heterotrophs Parasites Saprobes Nitrogen decomp. Phtotosynthetic autotrophs Cyno-blue green Chemosynthetic Archaebacteria Extremists No free oxygen Methane producers Saline habitats Hot sulfur springs

IV 1.Penicillin

Penicillin mold kills bacteria “Antibiotic” Alexander Fleming in 1928 Inhibits the growth of bacteria

Macrophage (WBC) engulfs a bacterium in the immune system:

Bacteria Structure:

Classified by shape, size, staining, environment, & color Cynobacteria & Salmonella Autotroph Bacteria Flagellated Bacteria

Spiral or spirilli) Spirochete Bacteria Round = Coccus and Rod = Bacillus

Bacilli Tuberculosis Bacteria:

Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection

IV 3-4Bacteria reproduction: Asexual Binary fission Mitosis Replicate Non-changing conditions Sexual Conjugation Exchange of DNA Variety in Changing conditions

IV 5. Aerobic Bacteria require oxygen & can make cavities!

Helpful in the intestines Harmful in other parts of the body Anaerobic Bacteria live without oxygen, in our intestines & may be in polluted waters E. Coli from human feces Helpful in the intestines Harmful in other parts of the body

IV 6. Endospores Dormant state No reproduction Metabolic activity is shut down Protects bacteria against hostile environments “Come back to life” when favorable

Many organisms form spores:

V. The 4 main functions of bacteria Nitrogen fixation Recycling of nutrients Food & medicines Bacteria cause diseases

Nitrogen wastes are excreted & cycled by bacteria Nitrogen in Plant & animal protein Ammonia nitrogen Is excreted in urine Bacteria convert Ammonia to usable Nitrate fertilizer

Making cheese & yogurt with bacteria

Strep bacteria of Rheumatic Fever

STD Eubacterium Virus Syphilis X Chlamydeous Gonorrhea x Herpes HIV Aids (death) no By common diseases When the immune system fails Cold Flu Strep throat

?Life on Mars?

NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. This meteorite was probably blasted off of the surface of the planet Mars about 16 million years ago by an impact with an asteroid and travelled through space to the earth, where it landed on Antarctica about 13,000 years ago. Some scientists believe that the rod-shaped structures across the top and center of this image may be tiny fossilized bacteria. Many other scientists believe that the structures were formed by processes other than life. NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. "Martian Meteorite ALH84001," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Bacteria cultures: Inoculate = to place Agar = culture medium (nutrients) One colony (circle)= billions of bacteria A colony begins from one bacterium Incubate at 37oC= body temperature DO NOT OPEN THE PLATES AFTER INCUBATION!

Bactericide test strip: Kills germs! Versus Bactericide? Antibiotic? Mouth wash Neosporin Cleaning agents 2. Your choice 3. Your choice 4. Saliva 5. Saliva plus “Bactericide” Plate 1 = control at my desk

Summary Questions: 7. Classified by shape: a. round = cocci 6. View under higher magnification with stains for specific types of bacteria 7. Classified by shape: a. round = cocci b. rods = bacilli c. spiral = spirilli

Genetic Engineering of Insulin

Restriction Enzymes:Made by some Bacteria

Warts are a skin virus!

Plant peach virus

Polio virus

Herpes mouth virus:

Rabies Virus

Hepatitis B virus (Liver)

Virus structure: Protein Coat DNA or RNA for replication Adsorb-tion site Host specific

HIV virus structure:

Cow pox vaccination 1749 Acquired Immunization Artificial injection of a small amount of virus Body’s immune response makes antibodies

Chicken Pox Virus

Viral Replication:

Bacteriophage Bacteria “eating” virus Virus uses the bacteria as a host For Viral replication

Lytic Cycle (Replication) of a Virus - “AVIRAL” Viral DNA Adsorption of virus onto the host 5.Lysis of Host cell Membrane & release Of virus 4. Assembly of protein coat 2. Insertion of Virus DNA into host cell

Transduction: Viral DNA becomes inserted Into the Bacteria DNA (1/100,000)

HIV Virus

HIV virus infects T-cells HIV virus Weakens the immune system AIDS patients die of “common” diseases when T cell (WBC) count falls

AIDS = break down of the immune system & death due to common diseases versus death by AIDS virus