基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Yongqin Liu, Tandong Yao, Shichang Kang, Baiqin Xu Yongqin Liu, Tandong Yao, Shichang Kang, Baiqin Xu Bacterial Diversity in the Tibetan Plateau Glaciers and their Relationship with Environmental and Climate Change

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 East Rongbuk Glacier, Mt. Everest Guoqu Glacier, Mt.Geladaindong Palong No. 4 Glacier Zadang Glacier, Mt. Niqingtanggula Bacteria Variabilities in the Snow over Tibetan Plateau Glaciers

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Methods Sampling sites GlaciersAltitude /mMean temperature /°C Highest /lowest temperature /°C Mean precipitation /mm Snow pit depth/m Years of the sampled snow Guoqu / From winter of 2004 to Nov.2005 Zadang / From winter of 2005 to May 2006 East Rongbuk / From winter of 2003 to Apr.2005 Palong No / From winter of 2005 to Jun.2006

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 1 Enumerating bacterial abundance Methods Laboratory analyses EPICS ALTRA II flow cytometer δ 18 O ： MAT-253 mass spectrophotometer Concentration of ions ： Dionex Ion Chromatograph model 2010 DOC and TN ： TOC-Vcph (Shimadzu Corp. ) 2 Environment index

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 3 Bacterial community S rRNA gene clone library construction Community DNA extraction PCR amplification Restriction digestion with the enzymes Hha I and Afa I Phylogenetic analysis Statistical analyses Blast PrimesSequence 27fAGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG 1392rACG GGC GGT GTG TRC Methods Laboratory analyses

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Bacterial abundance and relationship with environment Guoqu ZadangEast RongbukPalong No.4 Cell abundance in the snow at the northern glaciers was higher than that at the southern ones. Tibetan Plateau ： 0.68 to 720×10 3 cells mL -1 Polor and other high mountain regions: cells mL -1 Among 88 snow samples ， 63% similar with Antarctic ， but lower than Arctic and other glaciers; 30 % higher than Arctic and other glaciers Average Ca2+ concentration 2723 Average cell abundance

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Bacterial diversity and relationship with environment The bacterial 16S rRNA genes sequences in snow over the Tibetan Plateau were dominant by γ-Proteobacteria,α-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. All sequences in snow from the TP were near to the sequences in the GenBank database with identity values of 91-99%. A majority of the sequences (81% of the total) were similar to sequences recovered from cold environments (glaciers, Antarctic soil, lake/sea ice in the Antarctic or Arctic, permafrost), soil and the aquatic environment.

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Bacterial diversity and relationship with environment Bacterial genetic diversity in the snow varied at different glaciers Shannon H

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Bacterial diversity and relationship with environment Classification of the environment of the nearest neighbor of snow bacteria Environment of the nearest neighbor TotalGZDRBLPL Seq.ClonesSeq.ClonesSeq.ClonesSeq.ClonesSeq.Clones Cold environment33%43%41%71%37%39%36%16%28%55% Soil30%25%41%17%29%33%16%26%29%20% Aquatic environment18%24%14%6%17%14%44%58%19%12% Plant5%4%3%5%14%9% Air6%2%10%6%3%1% Others7%3% 8% 4% 7%2%

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 East Rongbuk Guoqu Zadang Palong No.4 AlphaBetaGamm Actinobacteria Firmicutes CFBothers Among a total of 83 genera, 23 genera occurred in more than one library. Eight genera existed in three libraries: Bradyrhizobium and Ochrobactrum; Acidovorax, Curvibacter, and Ralstonia; Acinetobacter, Brevibacterium, Bacillus Common genera widespread distribution in snow over the Tibetan Plateau SphingomonasPolaromonas Genera common to the four libraries

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Conclusion  Abundant bacteria existed in snow at the world highest plateau, most of them were similar to those in the Antarctica, and less than those in the Arctic and other high mountains.  The abundance of snow bacteria was higher at the northern glaciers than at the southern ones. Cell abundance were related with the input dust concentration but did not show obvious correlation with the nutrient condition.  Unexpected high diverse bacteria dwelled in snow over the plateau. Common genera distributed widely in glaciers located at different regions of the plateau, implying that the same selective mechanism occur at plateau.  Bacteria in different glaciers showed their own features and connected with their locations, indicating the relationship between bacteria and environment.

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Bacteria Variabilities in Ice Core and Their Relations with Climate Change East Rongbuk ice core Geladaindong ice core Zuoqiupu ice core Ninjingangshan ice core

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 LengthSampleBacterial abundanceAverage Span of years Geladaindong × × × years Ninjingangshan × × × years East Rongbuk × × × years Zuoqiupu × × × years Bacterial abundance: cells mL -1 Bacterial abundance in ice cores

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Bacterial abundance and the δ 18 O along different ice cores

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Bacterial abundance and the visible dirty layers along the Geladandongice core the Geladandong ice core 3.2×10 3 to 8.3×10 5 cells mL -1 with an average of 4.4×10 4 cells mL -1

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Annual variations and 10 year average values of bacterial abundance, Ca 2+ concentration, and δ 18 O value in Geladandong ice core Bacterial concentration (cells mL -1 ) Ca 2+ concentration Bacterial concentration (cells mL -1 ) 18 O

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 East Rongbuk ice core Bacterial abundance correlate positively with NH 4 + (r=0.23,p<0.005,n=164) Bacterial abundance correlate positively with 18 O(r=0.16,p<0.05,n=164) No obvious correlate with Ca 2 + Along depth

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Annual bacterial abundances correlate positively with temperature, precipitation and NH 4 + concentrations East Rongbuk ice core

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Zuoqiupu ice core

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 18 Bacterial abundance and 18 O(r=0.24,p<0.05,n=44) Annual variation Bacterial abundance and precipitation (r=-0.36,p<0.01,n=44) Bacterial abundance and teperature(r=0.70,p<0.005,n=44) Bacterial abundance and EC/OC (r=0.23, p<0.05 ； r=0.35 ； p<0.01,n=44) Zuoqiupu ice core

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 Conclusion  Bacterial abundance shows different correlations with temperature and/or other environmental factors in ice cores in different parts of the plateau;  Temperature outweighs other factors in determining the bacterial abundance in different ice cores ;  Bacteria in ice cores are also subject to the influence of different air masses, thus implying different environmental parameters. Bacterial abundance in Geladandong is mainly influenced by dust from the continent, that in East Rongbuk is indicative of biologic and anthropogenic activities, while that in Zuoqiupu, southeast Tibet, is suggestive of its relationship with masses from southeast Asia.

基本建设局 Bureau of Capital Construction, CAS Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS 投资处 THANKS