Unit 8: Nucleic Acid The Genetic Material

DNA Bases: Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Deoxyribose nucleic acid  type of nucleic acid DNA function to hold genetic code Genetic code = genetic instructions to make proteins DNA is found in nucleus of eukaryotic cells Bases: Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine

RNA Single stranded Found outside of nucleus to make proteins. Bases: Adenine Cytosine Uracil Guanine

Searching for Genetic Material Gregor Mendel (1866): discovered that inherited traits are determined by discrete units, or 'genes,’ - passed on from the parents. Freidrich Miescher(1868): discovered DNA Isolated something new from the nuclei of eukaryotic cells Later called DNA!!!

Discovering the structure of DNA Photo 51 Rosalind Franklin (1952) Obtained sharp X-ray photographs of DNA (Photo 51) Watson and Crick used her data  revealed its helical shape Watson and Crick went on to win Nobel Prize (1962) for their DNA model

How did PHOTO 51 reveal DNA’s helical shape?

 X-rays passing through a helix diffract at angles perpendicular to helix making an "X" pattern, which favors an equal diameter "helix".

Discovering the structure of DNA James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) Discovered double helix structure Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule Watson Constructing Bair Pairs movie http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/animations.html

DNA replication Replication – making a copy of DNA before the cell divides (Mitosis). DNA polymerase – enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new copy of DNA

Steps to DNA replication Enzyme (helicase) unzips the DNA. DNA polymerase (enzyme) matches the correct nucleotide to each side of the unzipped DNA. DNA polymerase – proofreads their replication to make sure they did not make any mistakes.

RNA synthesis Ribose nucleic acid RNA polymerase copies only one strand of the DNA in order to make the single-stranded RNA.

Protein Synthesis Translation – reading RNA in order to get the correct amino acid. Codon – group of 3 bases. Amino acids are added for every three bases to build a protein.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YDTOcAVJrE

Cells usable source of energy is called ATP Cell Energy: Cells usable source of energy is called ATP ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

ADP stands for adenosine diphosphate Adenine Ribose 2 Phosphate groups

All energy is stored in the bonds of compounds—breaking the bond releases the energy When the cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP

ATP is converted into ADP by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups and releasing energy for cellular processes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ