When you catch a deep-sea fish, why does its eyes pop-out? QUICK WRITE Why is the electricity produced at the bottom of dams? When you catch a deep-sea fish, why does its eyes pop-out? Why do your ears pop on an airplane or up in the mountains?

Chapter Three Notes pages 70-92 Forces in Fluids Chapter Three Notes pages 70-92

Pressure Pressure is equal to the force applied to a surface, divided by the area.                                                                                                                                                          

Equations for Pressure Pressure = Force/surface area Pressure = Newtons (Kg x m/s/s) side x side Units are in Pascals or N/m²

Liquid Pressure = ρgh where….. MORE EQUATIONS!!! Liquid Pressure = ρgh where….. ρ = mass/volume = fluid density g = acceleration of gravity h =height or depth of fluid

Fluid Pressure = gh = 1000Kg/m³ x 9.8m/s² x 1m = 9,800 Pa The pressure from the weight of a column of liquid of area A and height h is                                                                        The most remarkable thing about this expression is what it does not include. The fluid pressure at a given depth does not depend upon the total mass or total volume of the liquid. The above pressure expression is easy to see for the straight, unobstructed column, but not obvious for the cases of different geometry which are shown. Fluid Pressure = gh = 1000Kg/m³ x 9.8m/s² x 3m = 29,400 Pa

Fluid A substance that can easily change its shape, such as liquids and gases. The molecules in a fluid have a certain amount of force (mass and acceleration) and exert pressure on surfaces they touch.

FLUID PRESSURE All the molecules add up together to make up the force exerted by the fluid.

Gravity creates an air pressure of 10.13N/m³ at sea level. Air has a mass of 1Kg/m³ AIR PRESSURE Gravity creates an air pressure of 10.13N/m³ at sea level.

1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg = 29.92 inHg = 14.7 lb/in2 = 101.3 KPa

Pressure and Elevation Air Pressure decreases as elevation increases.

Air pressure and differences in pressure are among the most important weather makers. The centers of storms are areas of relatively low air pressure, compared to pressures around the storm. High air pressure generally brings good weather. Keeping track of how the pressure is changing is important for forecasting the weather. Differences in air pressure between places cause the winds to blow - air moves from high toward low pressure. The instruments that measure air pressure are called barometers, from Greek words for weight and measure. The U.S. National Weather Service reports air pressure at the surface in inches of mercury while air pressure aloft is reported in millibars, also known as hectopascals (hPa). Scientists, however, generally use pressures in hectopascals. The whole system is a low pressure, but it dramatically decreases towards the eye of the hurricane. Very Low pressure Pressure always flows from high to low, which creates the high velocity winds. Higher Pressure

Water pressure increases with depth. Pressure and Depth Water pressure increases with depth.

Pressure and Temperature As temperature increases, pressure increases.

Pages 78-81 Pascal's Principle When a force is applied to a confined fluid, the increase in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid.

Pressure is transmitted undiminished in an enclosed static fluid. Pascal's Principle Pressure is transmitted undiminished in an enclosed static fluid. Any externally applied pressure is transmitted to all parts of the enclosed fluid, making possible a large multiplication of force (hydraulic press principle). The pressure at the bottom of the jug is equal to the externally applied pressure on the top of the fluid plus the static fluid pressure from the weight of the liquid.

Hydraulic Brakes                                                               The wheel cylinder of hydraulic drum brakes acts as a double hydraulic press, multiplying the force on the fluid by the ratio of the area of the cylinder to the area of the supply line. Besides the muliplication of force achieved, Pascal's principle gaurantees that the pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the enclosed fluid system. This gives straight-line braking unless there is a fluid leak or something to cause a significant difference in the friction of the surfaces.

Buoyancy Pages 82-88 Buoyant force acts in an upward direction against the force of gravity.

The buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

Hmm! The crown seems lighter under water! Archimedes' Principle Hmm! The crown seems lighter under water!                                                                                            The buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object. For water, with a density of one gram per cubic centimeter, this provides a convenient way to determine the volume of an irregularly shaped object and then to determine its density

Density = mass / volume Density and buoyancy: An object that has a greater density than the fluid it is in, will sink. If its density is less than the fluid it will float. Density

DENSITY OF WATER 1g/cm³

Bernoulli's Principle Pages 89-92 The pressure exerted by a moving stream of fluid is less than its surrounding fluid.

Therefore, as the speed of the fluid increases its pressure decreases. Bernoulli's Principle Therefore, as the speed of the fluid increases its pressure decreases.

Bernoulli’s and Baseball A non-spinning baseball or a stationary baseball in an airstream exhibits symmetric flow. A baseball which is thrown with spin will curve because one side of the ball will experience a reduced pressure. This is commonly interpreted as an application of the Bernoulli principle. The roughness of the ball's surface and the laces on the ball are important! With a perfectly smooth ball you would not get enough interaction with the air.                                                          Bernoulli’s and Baseball

Bernoulli’s and Air Foil The air across the top of a conventional airfoil experiences constricted flow lines and increased air speed relative to the wing. This causes a decrease in pressure on the top according to the Bernoulli equation and provides a lift force. Aerodynamicists (see Eastlake) use the Bernoulli model to correlate with pressure measurements made in wind tunnels, and assert that when pressure measurements are made at multiple locations around the airfoil and summed, they do agree reasonably with the observed lift.                                    

Others appeal to a model based on Newton's laws and assert that the main lift comes as a result of the angle of attack. Part of the Newton's law model of part of the lift force involves attachment of the boundary layer of air on the top of the wing with a resulting downwash of air behind the wing. If the wing gives the air a downward force, then by Newton's third law, the wing experiences a force in the opposite direction - a lift. While the "Bernoulli vs Newton" debate continues, Eastlake's position is that they are really equivalent, just different approaches to the same physical phenonenon. NASA has a nice aerodynamics site at which these issues are discussed.