1 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Open Source Overview Roger A. Maduro Linux Infrastructure, LLC April 25, 2003

2 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. CIO Magazine Your Open Source Plan Cover story March 15, 2003 “Once a toy for geeks, open source is slowly but surely filtering into the enterprise and transforming the way software is designed, sold and supported. And any CIO without an open- source strategy in 2003 will be paying too much for IT in 2004.”

3 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. The Freedom to Choose “In a 2001 CIO survey, 85 percent of the respondents said they weren't going to sign up for Microsoft's new subscription plan. Our latest survey shows that more than half have stuck to their guns. That's because a new factor has entered the equation: choice. Now CIOs have it.” CIO Magazine, Showdown at the 6.0 Corral, Christopher Koch, March 15, 2003.

4 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Very Short History of Open Systems/Open Source 1969/1970 Dennis Ritchie, Kenneth Thompson, and others at AT&T Bell Labs begin developing Unix in collaboration with the academic community. In 1979, the ``seventh edition'' (V7) version of Unix is released—this is the grandfather of all extant Unix systems. UC at Berkeley starts developing a variant called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). “Unix Wars” rage in the 1980’s and early 90’s. In 1984 Richard Stallman's Free Software Foundation (FSF) began the GNU project, a project to create a free version of the Unix operating system. By free, Stallman meant software that could be freely used, read, modified, and redistributed. In 1991 Linus Torvalds began developing an operating system kernel, which he named ``Linux'' [Torvalds 1999]. This kernel could be combined with the FSF material and other components (in particular some of the BSD components and MIT's X-windows software) to produce a freely-modifiable and very useful operating system. (Source: David A. Wheeler, Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO, March 2003).

5 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. What is Open Source Software? Open Source software is software whose source code can be obtained, viewed, changed and redistributed without royalties or other limitations. (Source: David Wheeler) Free can have two meanings: Gratis and Libre. Gratis means it comes at no cost. Libre means freedom, the freedom to use the software as one chooses.

6 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. The Proprietary Software Issue Open Source software IS proprietary! Debate is still raging as to how to correctly label what has been known as “proprietary software,” or “commercial software…” “Lock-in software?” “Closed-source software?” “Hostageware?” “Monopolyware?”

7 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Licensing Models GPL LGPL BSD Apache Mozilla Microsoft’s

8 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Apache Software License Version 1.1 Copyright (c) 2000 The Apache Software Foundation. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. The end-user documentation included with the redistribution, if any, must include the following acknowledgment: "This product includes software developed by the Apache Software Foundation ( Alternately, this acknowledgment may appear in the software itself, if and wherever such third- party acknowledgments normally appear. 4. The names "Apache" and "Apache Software Foundation" must not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without prior written permission. For written permission, please contact 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "Apache", nor may "Apache" appear in their name, without prior written permission of the Apache Software Foundation.

9 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. The Six O’s Open Source Open Code Open Industry Standards Open Systems Open Architecture Open Data

10 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Open Source Operating Systems Linux Red Hat SuSE Mandrake Debian Xandros (Lindows) BSD FreeBSD OpenBSD NetBSD Mac OSX

11 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Attributes of open source/Linux Reliable Secure Robust Scalable Manageable

12 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Benefits Lower licensing costs than Windows or Unix. Does not incur client access license fees or renewal “upgrade” fees. Lower hardware requirements. Greater performance on the same hardware (3 to 10 times the performance). Lower staff costs (one administrator can manage 3 to 10 times the number of servers).

13 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Integration It is the ideal application integration engine because it is based on open industry standards and has an open architecture. Code is open and accessible if customization is necessary (or for troubleshooting). This also means that it is portable and the investment is preserved. Supports 11 hardware architectures., Windows runs only on the Intel architecture. Great Open Source Middleware (Zope, eZPublisher…).

14 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Value Proposition Initial financial outlay is lower. Cost over 6 years is 30 to 90% lower than Microsoft Windows. No disruptions along the way (no forced upgrades/migrations to new operating system & office suite every 18 to 36 months). Running cost is predictable. IT cycle is predictable (equals safety for the business and investment). Training costs are lower (same basic operating system). The system can be updated all the way to the end of the cycle.

15 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Desktop Licenses-Linux vs. Microsoft Hypothetical 100-user case ( this is just to illustrate the differences in licensing costs—greatest savings with Linux come from lower support and maintenance costs). Microsoft100 UsersLinux (SuSE) 100 Users Operating System $299$29,900$79.95$7,995 Office Suite $579$57,900$0 Total $87,800$7,995

16 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Server Licenses-Linux vs. Microsoft Hypothetical 100-user case (this is just to illustrate the differences in licensing costs—greatest savings with Linux come from lower support and maintenance costs). MicrosoftCALSTotalLinux (SuSE) CALSTotal Server $3,999$3,196$7,195$749$0$749 Mail Server $699$6,700$7,399$0 SQL Server $4,999 $0 Totals $19,543$749

17 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Cost Comparisons (Web Servers) 1 CaseYear 1Year 2Year 3 Linux$49,931$62,203$74,475 Solaris$421,718$491,619$561,520 Windows$91,724$141,193$190,662 Three-year Total Costs of Ownership Source: Robert Frances Group, “Total Cost of Ownership for Linux in the Enterprise,” July 2002.

18 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Cost Comparisons (Web Servers) 2 CaseExternally Purchased Support Costs Admin. Salary Costs 3-Year Total for both Linux<$10$12,010$36,060 Solaris$19,309$29,509$146,454 Windows$1,520$46,360$143,640 System Support and Administration (Yearly externally purchased support and administrator salary costs per Processing Unit) Source: Robert Frances Group, “Total Cost of Ownership for Linux in the Enterprise,” July 2002.

19 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Cost Comparisons (Web Servers) 3 CaseSalary Per Admin Servers per Admin Salary per Server Salary per PU Linux$71,40044$1,623$12,010 Solaris$85,8446.4*$13,413$29,509 Windows$68,50010$6,850$52,060 *Sun customers had large servers. Salary Costs Per Processing Unit Source: Robert Frances Group, “Total Cost of Ownership for Linux in the Enterprise,” July 2002.

20 Copyright ©2003 LxIS. All Rights Reserved. Contact Information Roger A. Maduro Managing Director Linux Infrastructure, LLC 117 Davis Ave., SW. Leesburg, Virginia (571)