Exploring Mendelian Genetics
GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions.
GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___
GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color
GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between
GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F 2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait Image modified from:
CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (____________________) in heterozygote A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side
CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB
Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ REMEMBER
BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____________
BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface
BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface
BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface
A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB
B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: A and AB see A as “like me” DONOR BLOOD
A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: B and AB see B as “like me” DONOR BLOOD
Body images modified from: YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” DONOR BLOOD
A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD
Body image modified from: ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ AB can only GIVE to AB BUT...
BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A40% B10% AB4% O46%
ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh + Rh -
MOM is _____ & BABY is ____ OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: Image modified from: MOM is _____ & BABY is _____
Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ Image modified from: 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this
DIHYBRID CROSSES ( 2 traits)
Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?
MAKING A CROSS with ______________ traits = ____________________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:
Go to Section: Section 11-3 Figure Independent Assortment in Peas
LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Image modified from:
1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes
R R Y YR R Y Y HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y R YR Y R YR YR YR Y
r r y yr r y y HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ r y r yr y r yr yr yr y
R r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y r yr y r Yr YR yR y
100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype
HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW MAKE ANOTHER CROSS
POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?
Sign of a ______________________ cross is a _____________ ratio in offspring. ____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green
__________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross ____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES
pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?
Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?
Hybrid tall = __________ & pure wrinkled ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?
Heterozygous tall = __________ & hybrid round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?