Ch. 3 Section 3 Types of Societies

Types of Societies subsistence strategiesSociologists classify societies according to their subsistence strategies, or the ways societies use technology to meet the needs of their members. Sociologists recognize three broad categories of society— preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial.

Preindustrial Society Hunter-Gatherer, Pastoral/Horticultural, Agrarian Societies where FOOD PRODUCITON is the basis for social and cultural functions—food, traditions, roles, technology, etc. mechanical solidarity— unity based on values Because they often share the same values and perform the same tasks, they are held together by mechanical solidarity— unity based on values

Industrial Society Society where the emphasis shifts from the production of food to the PRODUCTION OF GOODS organic solidarity — unity based on survival, not based on values Specialization, division of labor, etc. resulting from the Industrial Revolution led to organic solidarity — unity based on survival, not based on values

Postindustrial Society Society based on information and services, not food production or manufacturing Positives: Increased standard of living, technological advances, self-fulfillment and individual rights become more important Negatives: Loss of skills from pre- and industrial societies can lead to struggles for resources & survival

Gemeindschaft and Gesellschaft Gemeindschaft- Gemeindschaft- “Community” -Tight-knit, people know their neighbors -Sense of belonging and solidarity -Examples: Religious communities, neighborhoods, teams, clubs, organizations Gesellschaft- Gesellschaft- “Society” -Less close, more impersonal and temporary -Based on need, not relationships -Examples: economies, business arrangements, cities, nations, alliances

Ch. 3 Section 4 Social Grouping

Groups within Society Groups can defined and identified by: SIZE LENGTH OF TIME ORGANIZATION

GROUPS BY SIZE Diad- Diad- Smallest group possible, consisting of 2 members. The group dissolves when one member leaves. EXAMPLES — Romantic couples (husband/wife, boyfriend/girlfriend, etc) Partnerships (crime-fighting duos, musical/business partners, etc.

GROUPS BY SIZE Triad- C Triad- C onsisting of 3 members, thus no one member can dissolve the group (two-against-one alliance will form). EXAMPLES — Families (husband/wife/child) Trios (musical/business partners, etc.) triad-in-groups-and-out-groups.html

GROUPS BY ORGANIZATION Formal groups —have set purpose, goal, structure, etc. Informal groups —do not necessarily have these characteristics, less structured. Primary groups —smaller groups which one identifies closest with for long periods of time Examples: family, teams (sometimes) Secondary groups— groups that tend to be less important and often temporary. Examples: classes, sororities/fraternities, teams (often)

GROUPS BY ORGANIZATION Reference groups —the groups with which a person most closely identifies. The values, mores, beliefs, etc. of this group influence their attitudes and behavior greatest. In-groups —the groups you are a part of. Out-groups —the groups you are not a part of. portal.com/academy/lesson/t ypes-of-social-groups-primary- secondary-and-reference- groups.html