Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment Lesson #8

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 1600s – 1700s

New Discoveries 1500s and 1600s Shape of universe Gravity Purpose of heart Scientific method To discover, based on pure observation To challenge the Church and oppressive leaders

Scientific Revolution p. 667 - When was it? 1500s and 1600s What did it change? The way Europeans views the world. What new approach did this lead to? Scientific Method (a new approach to science study)

Shape of Universe the Earth revolved around the sun Heliocentric Universe p. 667 – what did he show? the Earth revolved around the sun Copernicus

Gathering Data Used observations to verify and prove heliocentrism Kepler

Experiments and gathering data 1. What did he perfect? TELESCOPE 2. What did he declare? PLANETS MOVE AROUND THE SUN 3. Who (what) did he irritate? THE CHURCH Galileo

Gravity GRAVITY p. 667 – what did he prove? GALILEO WAS CORRECT (INVENTED CALCULUS TO PROVE IT) What did he say keeps planets in orbit? GRAVITY Newton

Purpose of the Heart p. 668 – What did new ideas in medicine challenge? TRADITIONAL AUTHORITIES What did physicians do? MADE ACCURATE DRAWINGS OF THE HUMAN BODY Harvey

Why does this matter? Challenge to the Church Challenge to the Kings Challenge to the “old order” Galileo was even put on trial by the Church

ENGLISH THEORISTS Hobbes and Locke

Science effects Politics 1500s and 1600s Scientific Revolution effected philosophers Philosophers effected government Government would shift from Kings (and dictators) to democracy

Scientific Revolution What was it all about? Was all about making sense of the universe What changed? People starting seeing order in the universe. They saw nature as “rational” and logical

If nature is rational, should man be? Why do we have governments? To keep order & protect us Do all governments do that? NO! Some are in power so they can take advantage of that power.

Who gives government power? Who choses a government? Thomas Hobbes said WE do Why did Hobbes say we have a government? To protect the evil people in society from killing the innocent people.

Why do parents hire baby sitters?

Social Contract What did he mean? Thomas Hobbes said we give government power to control us. He called it a SOCIAL CONTRACT We give up some rights. In return, we are protected.

John Locke John Locke talked about your “natural rights.” ? What was he talking about? p. 668 LIFE, LIBERTY, and PROPERTY

DUTY OF THE GOVERNMENT What did he say was the duty of the government? (p. 668) TO PROTECT OUR NATURAL RIGHTS What should the people do if their government fails to protect their rights? (668) REBEL AGAINST THE GOVERNMENT

FRENCH PHILOSOPHES Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau

Government Describe a “bad” government What do they have in common? Describe a “bad” baby sitter Describe a “bad” teacher Describe a “bad” parent Describe a “bad” police officer What do they have in common? ABUSE THEIR POWER Describe a “good” government, parent teacher or baby sitter… PROTECT THE PEOPLE What’s the difference?

Good Government Responsible to the needs of the people it rules over Fair Trustworthy Responsive to the voice of the people Protects VOLTAIRE

Voltaire P. 668 What did Voltaire poke fun at? FRANCE’S BACKWARDNESS FRENCH GOVERNMENT What three things did Voltaire say a government should do (allow for) RELIGIOUS TOLERATION FREEDOM OF SPEECH FREEDOM OF PRESS VOLTAIRE

How to prevent dictatorship… Make it fight against itself for power Never allow one man (or group) to have all the power Separate the powers of government P. 668 What are the three branches of Government? LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICIARY MONTESQUIEU

How to make government work for us Force them to see all of us are born equal in rights No special “ranks” Rousseau suggested a government should be afraid the people it rules over might “remove” him at any time P. 668 What did Rousseau say government belonged to? THE PEOPLE Whose will did Rousseau say the government should represent? THE MAJORITY ROUSSEAU

Describe three aspects that make up a “good” government