Ureter Originates as the _ Layers of Ureter – Inner layer: _________________________. Continuous with renal tubules and bladder – Middle layer: ________________________ Smooth muscle fibers both circular and longitudinal – Outer layer: _____________________________ Connective tissue

Peristalsis ____________________________ enters renal pelvis and ureters Pushed along by ______________________ to urinary bladder _______________________: at entrance of bladder to _

Urinary Bladder Located in _ – Male: – Female: Like stomach, has rugae. _

Urinary bladder ________________: ________________ area composed of – – _________________________ of the bladder (opens to urethra) Trigone remains _____________________________ as rest of bladder expands and contracts

Bladder Layers of the bladder – 1. Inner layer: mucous coat – 2. Submucous coat: _

Bladder – 3. Muscular coat: _________________ muscles – 4. Serous coat

Micturition ______________________ reflex _ ______________________ of the bladder stimulates _ ______________________ muscle contracts – Aided by _ External urethral sphincter relaxes –

Bladder volume Bladder may hold up to ____________ of urine Urge may be present at _ At about 300 ml, sensation _

Bladder As bladder fills and distends, detrusor muscle contracts Contractions may force _ – Involuntary muscle However, in adults, urination is a ______________________________ action.

Urination Depends on control of the _

Urethra Contains several _ – Secrete _

Female Urethra About _______ long Travels below _ Empties between _ Empties as _

Male Urethra Has both _ Divided into three sections – _________________________________: passes through prostate gland – ________________________________ urethra: passes through urogenital diaphragm. Surrounded by external urethral sphincter muscle – ________________________________ urethra: passes through corpus spongiosum of penis Ends as _

Chapter 21 Water, Electrolyte, and acid/base balances

Distribution of body fluids Fluid compartments – Intracellular fluid compartment All water and electrolytes _ – Extracellular fluid compartment All fluid _ – Interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph – Transcellular fluid: _________________________________, aqueous humor, _______________________________, synovial fluid, _

Body fluid – _________________________________ of sodium, chloride bicarbonate ions – _________________________________ of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfur

Body fluid composition Intracellular fluids – Higher concentrations of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium ions – Lower concentrations of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate than extracellular fluids – Greater concentration _

Movement of fluid Two major factors for movement – ___________________________________: pressure exerted by fluids Fluid _ – ___________________________________: the potential pressure of a solution caused by non- diffusible solute particles in the solution

Osmosis If two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semi-permeable membrane which is permeable to to the smaller solvent molecules but not to the larger solute molecules, then the solvent will tend to diffuse across the membrane from the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution. This process is called osmosis.

Water balance Adult water intake – 60% from _ – 30% from _ – 10% __________________________________: by product of metabolizing nutrients

Thirst Primary regulator: – – Related to ________________________________________ of brain – Body loses water  _____________________ of the EC (extracellular) fluids _______________ 

Thirst Stimulates ________________________ in the thirst center  Dry mouth: Thirst triggered when total body water is decrease _

Quenching thirst Drinking water  _________________________________  triggers impulses to brain  _ Prevents ___________________________ Mechanism is inhibited with ________________________ of water, not ________________________ of water

Water output Loss in – – Evaporation and – Lungs during breathing 28%

Water loss If 2500 ml taken in on daily basis, then 2500 ml should be eliminated to maintain _

Imbalances If not enough water taken in  _ –

Anti-Diuretic Hormone DCT linings are _______________________ to water. Blood plasma becomes _______________ due to _____________________  triggers posterior pituitary gland to release _ ADH in bloodstream  reaches ____________________  increases permeability of__________  water is _

Dehydration EC fluid becomes _ Change in osmotic pressure stimulates _____________________ to release ADH ADH carried by blood to kidneys Changes permeability of DCT Water output _

Excess water intake EC fluid becomes _ Stimulates _ Pituitary _ Water ________________________ and collecting ducts Removed from _

Diuretics Alcohol, some narcotics: _ Caffeine: inhibit _______________________  reduces reabsorption of water  urine output increases

Electrolyte Balance Important electrolytes: – Sodium – – Calcium – Magnesium – – Sulfate – Phosphate – Primarily obtained from Foods Beverages Byproducts of metabolism

Electrolyte output Body loses electrolytes – – Greatest amount lost in _

Regulation of Sodium Regulated through ______________________ and hormone _ – Aldosterone _

Regulation of Potassium Rising potassium ion concentration will _ – Enhances sodium _ – Causes renal tubules to _

Regulation of Calcium Dropping Ca concentration stimulates – Secretes parathyroid hormone – Which _______________________________ concentrations of both calcium and phosphate ions in extracellular fluids – Also increases _

Parathyroid hormone Causes the kidneys to – Conserve calcium ions – Net result of PTH: – returns calcium ion concentration of EC fluid to normal levels – Maintains phosphate ion concentration