Introduction to Pointers.

What is a pointer? A derived type which holds the address of a variable. Simply a memory location where the variable is stored in system. Pointer is always a whole number, no matter whether it holds the addr of int, char, float etc Int a=100;int *ptr; ptr=&a; Now ptr may be pointing to addr In the next run of the pgm ‘a’ may be stored in addr 6000 and ptr points to Pointer will also have an address in memory.

What is a variable? Variable in a program is something with a name, the value of which can vary. Ex: int k. When compiler sees this, it reserves space in memory(4 bytes) to hold an integer value and associate name k with the memory location reserved. This memory reserved is called the address. Later in the program if it encounters k=2, value 2 will be placed in that memory location. Pointer to a variable is nothing but pointer through which we can access this variable in memory. Hence through pointers we can change the value of a variable in the memory itself. Address of a variable is obtained by prefixing ‘&’ in front of variable.ex: &k

Address in memory Total memory depends on the size of RAM. If RAM is 64K(64*1024), then we have bytes(0 to 65535). whenever a variable is declared, compiler allocates memory at appropriate place where the data can be stored. For ex: int m=20; Compiler allocates 4 bytes of memory starting from say Hence the bytes reserved for m are 2000,2001,2002 and Hence a variable is associated with the starting address of allocated memory. Programmers do not know the address of the variable.

Why are pointers used? to perform dynamic memory allocation. To implement linked lists, trees and some other data structures. How is pointer declared? int a=10; int *ptr;//or int * ptr, int* ptr; ptr = &a; ptr a print(ptr)  2000 Print(&a)  2000 Print(*ptr) 

Hence ‘*’ before a declaration of a variable says it is a pointer variable.(int *ptr;) ‘*’ is not attached to data type during declaration. Hence int* ptr1,ptr2,ptr3. Here, only ptr1 is pointer variable, not ptr2 and ptr3. ‘&’ prefixed to a variable gives its address in memory. ‘*’ prefixed to a pointer variable gives the value present in the memory location pointed to by pointer.(*ptr) ‘&’ is called address operator or indirection operator. Address is printed using %u since address is always an unsigned integer.

Data type of a pointer variable indicates the type of the variable,the pointer is pointing to and not the type of pointer.(because pointers are always unsigned integers) Ex:int *ptr1; //ptr1 is pointer to int char *ptr2; //ptr2 is pointer to char float *ptr3; //ptr3 is pointer to float Here ptr1,ptr2,ptr3 are all unsigned integers. Any number of pointers can point to a single variable. A pointer can point to different items at different statements.

Double pointer or pointer to pointer int i=3; int *ptr1,**ptr2; ptr1=&i; ptr2=&ptr1; ptr2 ptr1 i ** indicates the variable is a pointer to pointer. Pointer to pointer holds the address of another pointer. NOTE: there is no limit to the pointer to pointers.But maximum limit that is being used is

Print(i);//3 Print(*ptr1);//3 Print(**ptr2);//3 Print(ptr2);//4500 Print(ptr1);//4000 Print(*ptr2);//4000 Ptr2 prints the value contained in its address.i.e 4500 *ptr2 prints the value contained in the address 4500.i.e 4000 **ptr2 prints the value contained in address 4000.i.e 3

How a variable is stored in memory? (Assume integer is 2 bytes) int k=5; This is actually stored as int *ptr; ptr=&k; (*ptr)  5. when (*ptr) is used to get the value of k,entire 2 bytes(2000 and 2001) is considered and hence it gives k 2000

Arithmetic operations allowed on pointers 1.Incrementing pointer 2.Decrementing 3.Adding or subtracting a number from the pointer. 4.Subtracting a pointer from a pointer(in case of array). Increment pointers are incremented using ‘++’ operator. When incremented the pointer points to the next valid byte. Increment depends on the type of data, the pointer is pointing to. Ex: incrementing an integer pointer increments the pointer by 2 bytes,char pointer by 1 byte and float by 4 bytes.

Decrementing a pointer Pointers are decremented using ‘- -’ operator. After decrement pointer points to the previous valid byte based on the type of pointer. Ex:if ptr is an integer pointer and if it points to address 2500.After ptr - -, ptr points to if ptr is a floatpointer and if it points to address 2500.After ptr - -, ptr points to 2496.

Adding or subtracting a number to and from the pointer ptr=ptr+2; //if ptr==2000. after ptr+2, ptr==2004 ptr=ptr+4 //ptr==2012 ptr=ptr-3 //ptr==2006 (here ptr is int pointer) Arithmetic operations not allowed on pointers 1.Addition of 2 pointers. 2.Multiplying or dividing a number to a pointer. ptr=ptr*2; //invalid ptr=ptr/2;//invalid Ptr1+ptr2; //invalid

Ex1: int a, b, c,*p1,*p2,*p3,*p4; a=2;b=3;c=4 p1=&a;p2=&b;p3=&c; *p4=a+*p2+*(&c)  ? Ex2: Int a,*p; P=&a; Printf(“enter the value of a”); Scanf(“%d”,&a); Scanf(“%d”,p); What is wrong in 2 nd scanf?

Pointers and functions Arguments are generally passed to functions by 1.Sending the values of arguments. 2.Sending the address of arguments. 1 st method(pass by value) Value of actual arguments in calling function is copied onto corresponding formal arguments in called function. Changes made are not reflected in actual arguments. Main() { int a=10,b=20; print(a);//10 print(b);//20

Swap(a,b); Print(a);//10 Print(b);//20 } Void swap(int c, int d) { int temp; temp=c; c=d; d=temp; } Here c==20 and d==10.but actual arguments not affected.(i.e value not changed in address.

2 nd method(pass by reference) Passing the address of variables. Changes are done in the memory. Hence gets reflected in main as well. Main() { int a=10,b=20; print(a);//10 print(b);//20 Swap(&a,&b); Print(a);//20 Print(b);//10 }

Void swap( int *c, int *d) { int temp; temp=*c; *c=*d; *d=temp; } Function returning pointers Just like a function can return an int, float, char etc, it can also return a pointer. Returning pointer means returning address of a variable.

Main() { int *fptr;//int pointer int *func();//function which returns int pointer fptr=func(); print(fptr);//2000 print(*fptr);//10 } Int *func() { static int a=10; return(&a); }

Pointer compatibility Main() { int a=10,*iptr, m; char b,*cptr; iptr=&a; cptr=&b; m=Sizeof(a);//2 m=Sizeof(iptr);//4 m=Sizeof(b);//1 m=Sizeof(cptr);//4 } Pointer of any data type(int,float,char) is 4 bytes long.

Even though pointers of different types are of same size (4 bytes),they cannot be assigned to each other. For ex:cptr=iptr or iptr=cptr are illegal. This is because these pointers point to different data types. Void pointer It is a pointer type to which any pointer can be assigned and which can be assigned to any pointer. void *pvoid; int *ptr1; char *ptr2; pvoid =ptr1; ptr2=pvoid;

Lvalue and Rvalue In c,an expression is either an l-value or r-value. L-value: This expression is used when the object is receiving a value. Usually used in the left side of ‘=‘ operator. ex: a=… b[5]=… *ptr=… R-value: Expression that can be used to supply a value. ex:…=10,….=a+2,….=a*6,…=a[5]+3,a++ A variable can act as both l-value or r-value; b=a;a=c;

Operators that need only L-value as operand are: &,++,--,= hence &(a+2);//error bcoz (a+2) is r-value &5;//error (a+2)++;//error ++(a+3);//error Pointers should be handled carefully because it actually accesses the memory location and improper use may harm your program and data.