Classification

Why Do We Classify? For easier study… Why do we need to study? The diversity seen in organisms give us insight into answering numerous questions Evolution Medicine Predictions Sustainability

Classification and Structural Similarities Classification is necessary for putting organisms into groups. How is this accomplished? Homologies in Anatomical Characteristics example: similar bone and muscle structure of obviously different animals Chemical homologies – DNA or RNA similarities Specifics in niches.

Naming Carolus Linnaeus developed the two naming system in the 18th century. Together this is the scientific name or Binomial Nomenclature Composed of two Latin words First name is the genus and is capitalized Second name is the description/species and in lowercase. Example: Homo sapiens, Canis lupus, Pinus ponderosa Why use the scientific name? So everyone knows what they are talking about no matter where they are or what language they speak.

Biodiversity The goal is to correctly categorize every organism into correct domain/kingdom. Ultimately, the most specific = Species Group of closely related animals that can breed in nature and produce fertile offspring. Members of the same species may look different Dogs may look different but they are the same group Differences within a species is call variation Individual variations, geographic variation, and polymorphism

6 Kingdoms Your first goal is to identify the 6 kingdoms and cite examples that exist in each. We’ll then look at each kingdom individually and identify features of each.

Kingdoms of Organisms 1st based on Cell Type Prokaryotes – have a lack of membrane bound structures, rigid, form protein like chains, single strand of DNA, plasmids Eukaryotes – larger, have membrane bond structures, DNA is organized in nucleus, do not have plasmids 2nd: Cellular organization Does it have cell walls? Is it uni- or multicellular? 3rd: Nutrition Source Auto or Heterotroph? Chemo or photosynthecizing?

Overview of Classification

Kingdom (Domain): Monera/Prokaryotes Mostly unicellular Asexual reproduction-one parent (cell division) Can get energy from the sun, chemicals (autotrophs) or are heterotrophs Eubacteria (true bacteria) = most use oxygen

Kingdom (Domain): Archaea Extremophiles. Are found in “extreme” environments. Volcanic vents Glaciers Deep underwater Often chemosynthesize.

Kingdom: Protista Unicellular and multicellular, may be consumers or decomposers, variety of sizes Eukaryotes Autotrophy and Heterotrophy Examples: algae, protozoa (Euglena, amoeba)

Kingdom: Fungi Heterotrophy Eukaryotes Unicellular and multicellular Absorb small molecules from surroundings (food) generally are decomposers Example: molds, yeasts and fungi

Kingdom: Plantae Multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesis to produce food. (autotrophy) Very rare but possible some are heterotrophs The have cellulose in the cell walls, chloroplasts, produce oxygen Included in this group are ferns, trees, cacti, flowering plants

Kingdom: Animalia Multicellular eukaryotes, Heterotrophs that range in size Most are motile, have senses, nervous system. Vertebrates – have a backbone (birds, dogs, snakes) Invertebrates – don’t have a backbone (worms and insects)

Kingdoms Contain Phyla Each kingdom contains more speciic groups called phyla We will end the year with a study into animal phyla and the systems of animals. The animal kingdom contains the phyla: Porifera (9,000 species) Cnidaria (10,000 species) Ctenophora (100 species) Platyhelminthes (20,000 species) Nematoda (12,000 species) Mollusca ((110,000 species) Annelida (12,000 species) Arthropoda (1 million species) Echinodermata (6,000 species) Chordata (42,500 species)

Classification and Change With new technologies scientists can find different ways of grouping organisms. Different classifications have different purposes We use classification systems to help us analyze diversity of the earth for innumerous reasons.

Hierarchies of Classification Remembering the order: King Philip Came Over For Great Soup Kingdom Phylum/Division Class Order Family Genus Species

Classification of Humans Kingdom Animalia Phylum/Division Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens

Independent Practice Complete the chart… Due Monday For resources use the blue biology book pgs 604-610 (symmetry, respiration, etc.) For specifics on each phyla, open to the appendix pgs 1042-1045

Agenda Get books Get into groups Read through Chapter 19 & fill out the worksheet.