1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

2 Levels of Organization Subatomic Particles Electrons, protons, neutrons Atom Hydrogen atom, lithium atom Molecule Water molecule, glucose molecule Macromolecule Protein molecule, DNA molecule

3 Organelle Mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus Levels of Organization Cell Muscle cell, nerve cell Tissue Simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue

4 Organ skin, femur, heart, kidney Levels of Organization Organ System skeletal system, digestive system Organism human

5 Levels of Organization

6 Cell membrane Controls what moves in & out of cell Selectively permeable Cells

7 Cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer Water-soluble “ heads ” form surfaces –Hydrophilic Water-insoluble “ tails ” form interior –Hydrophobic Permeable to lipid-soluble substances Cells

8 Cell membrane Cells Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane Proteins receptors pores, channels, carriers enzymes CAMS self-markers

9 Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoplasmic Organelles Connected, membrane- bound sacs, canals, & vesicles Transport system Rough ER Studded with ribosomes Protein synthesis Smooth ER Lipid synthesis Added to proteins arriving from rough ER Break down of drugs

10 Ribosomes Cytoplasmic Organelles Free floating or connected to ER Provide structural support Function in protein synthesis

11 Golgi apparatus Cytoplasmic Organelles Stack of flattened, membranous sacs Modifies, packages & delivers proteins Vesicles Membranous sacs that store substances

12 Mitochondria Cytoplasmic Organelles Generate ATP energy through cellular respiration Membranous sacs with inner partitions

13 Lysosomes enzyme-containing sacs digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances Centrosome two rod-like centrioles used to produce cilia and flagella distributes chromosomes during cell division Cytoplasmic Organelles Peroxisomes enzyme-containing sacs break down organic molecules

14 Cilia short hair-like projections propel substances on cell surface Cytoplasmic Organelles Flagellum long tail-like projection provides motility to sperm

15 Control center of cell Cell Nucleus Nuclear envelope Porous double membrane Separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm Nucleolus Dense collection of RNA and proteins Site of ribosome production Chromatin Fibers of DNA and proteins Stores information for synthesis of proteins

16 Passive (Physical) Processes Require no cellular energy Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Filtration Active (Physiological) Processes Require cellular energy Active transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Transcytosis Movements Into and Out of the Cell

17 Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides The Cell Cycle Stages Interphase Mitosis Cytoplasmic division

18 Cell grows Cell maintains routine functions Interphase Cell replicates genetic material to prepare for nuclear division Cell synthesizes new organelles to prepare for cytoplasmic division Phases G phases – cell grows and synthesizes structures other than DNA S phase – cell replicates DNA

19 Produces two daughter cells from an original somatic cell Nucleus divides – karyokinesis Cytoplasm divides – cytokinesis Mitosis Stages Prophase – chromosomes form; nuclear envelope disappears Metaphase – chromosomes align midway between centrioles Anaphase – chromosomes separate and move to centrioles Telophase – chromatin forms; nuclear envelope forms

20 Also known as cytokinesis Begins during anaphase Continues through telophase Contractile ring pinches cytoplasm in half Cytoplasmic Division

21 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “ a cutting up ” ) Physiology – study of function (Greek – “ relationship to nature ” ) Structure is always related to function

22 Clinical Application Medical Imaging Noninvasive procedures Provide images of soft internal structures Magnetic Resonance Imaging Requires injection of dye Produces computerized images from different angles Ultrasonography Use of high- frequency sound waves Relatively quick and inexpensive

23 Characteristics of Life Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells

24 Characteristics of Life Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

25 Requirements of Organisms Life depends on five environmental factors Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

26 Requirements of Organisms Water - Most abundant substance in body - Required for metabolic processes - Required for transport of substances - Regulates body temperature Food - Provides necessary nutrients - Supplies energy - Supplies raw materials

27 Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (Gas) - One-fifth of air - Used to release energy from nutrients Heat - Form of energy - Partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - Application of force on an object - Atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - Hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

28 Homeostasis Body ’ s maintenance of a stable internal environment Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes Receptors provide information about stimuli Control center tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point) Effectors elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

29 Homeostatic Mechanisms

30

31

32 Body Cavities

33 Dorsal Cavity Includes the skull and vertebral column Body Cavities Ventral Everything else Subdivided into two parts

34 Ventral Cavity Thoracic cavity Body Cavities Pleural cavity contains lungs Mediastinum contains everything in thorax but the lungs Pericardial cavity contains heart

35 Ventral Cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Body Cavities Abdominal cavity Stomach Spleen Liver, Gall bladder Pancreas Small intestine Most of large intestine

36 Ventral Cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Body Cavities Pelvic cavity Internal reproductive organs Urinary bladder Appendix Some large intestine

37 Thoracic & Abdominal Membranes Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum

38 Serous Membranes

39 Serous Membranes

40 Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward Terms of Relative Position Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Ipsilateral versus Contralateral Proximal versus Distal Superficial versus Peripheral Deep

41 Body Sections Sagittal / Midsagittal or Median / Parasagittal Transverse or Horizontal Coronal or Frontal Cross section, Oblique, Longitudinal

42 Body Sections

43 Body Sections

44 Body Sections

45 Abdominal Subdivisions

46

47

48 Body Regions