Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy – the structure of body parts (also called Morphology) Physiology – the function of the body parts, what they do and how they do it

Specialization Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones. Histology is the study of tissues at the microscopic level. Cytology is the study of cells at the microscopic level. Neurophysiology is the study of how the nervous system functions.

Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts Responsiveness (irritability) - Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them Growth - increase in body size Reproduction - Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals Respiration - Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes

Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes Absorption - Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids Circulation - Movement of substances throughout the body Assimilation - Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances Excretion - Removal of wastes

I am walking to Mcdonalds (movement) I stop at the traffic light (response) My body is growing (growth) I am breathing air (respiration) I get a hamburger and eat it (digestion) My body absorbs the hamburger (absorption) The hamburger circulates in my body (circulation) The hamburger is changed to things my body needs (assimilation) Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion) Someday I may reproduce (reproduction)

Metabolism = all the physical and chemical changes Bodily needs = food, oxygen, water, heat Homeostasis = tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment. “Sameness”

Negative Feedback  In negative feedback, a sensing mechanism (a receptor) detects a change in conditions beyond specific limits. A control center, or integrator (often the brain), evaluates the change and activates a second mechanism (an effector) to correct the condition.  Conditions are constantly monitored by receptors and evaluated by the control center.  When the control center determines that conditions have returned to normal, corrective action is discontinued.

Negative Feedback Thus, in negative feedback, the variant condition is canceled, or negated, so that conditions are returned to normal.

Positive Feedback In positive feedback, an action intensifies a condition so that it is driven farther beyond normal limits. Such positive feedback is uncommon but does occur during childbirth (labor contractions), lactation (where milk production increases in response to an increase in nursing), and sexual activity.

Axial Portion - head, neck, trunk Appendicular Portion - arms & legs 1. Several body cavities 2. Layers of membranes within cavities 3. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (VISCERA = internal organs. "Visceral organs")

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Label the body cavities (use your book)

Serous Membrane - two layered, covers organs o Outer layer = parietal o Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs) Serous fluid – lubricating fluid

Pleura = lungs Pericardium = heart Peritoneum = organs (abdominopelvic region)

Visceral Pleura / Parietal Pleura Visceral Pericardium / Parietal Pericardium Visceral Peritoneum / Parietal Peritoneum

Homework: Organ Systems Concept Map

Anatomic Terminology  In order to identify areas of the body accurately, clearly defined anatomical terms are used. These terms refer to the body in the anatomical position—standing erect, facing forward, arms down at the side, with the palms turned forward. In this position, the following terms apply.

TermDefinitionExample SuperiorAbove another structure. The heart is superior to the stomach. InferiorBelow another structure. The stomach is inferior to the heart. Anterior (or ventral)Toward the front of the body. The navel is anterior to the spine. Posterior (or dorsal)Toward the back of the body. The spine is posterior to the navel. MedialToward the midline of the body. (The midline divides the body into eyes. equal right and left sides.) The nose is medial to the eyes.

LateralAway from the midline of the body (or toward the side of the body). The ears are lateral to the nose. IpsilateralOn the same side of the body. The spleen and descending colon are ipsilateral. ContralateralOn opposite sides of the body. The ascending and descending colons are contralateral. IntermediateBetween two structures. The knee is intermediate between the thigh and leg.

ProximalCloser to the point of attachment of a limb. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. DistalFarther from the point of attachment of a limb. The foot is distal to the knee. SuperficialToward the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the muscle. DeepAway from the surface of the body. The skeleton is deep to the skin.

Body Planes Sagittal planes divide a body or organ vertically into a right and left part. If the right and left parts are equal, the plane is the midsagittal plane; if they're unequal, the plane is a parasagittal plane. A frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ vertically into a front and rear part. A horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ horizontally into a top and bottom part.

Homework: Fill out the chart on the body regions

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