ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A The Human Body: An Orientation

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body – An Orientation I. Introduction 1) Compare/contrast Anatomy & Physiology 2) Are the following considered Gross or Histology? 3) Anatomy and physiology are always related. Structure determines function 4) Levels of organization a) Simplest level is the atomic or chemical level b) Levels of living structure: Cell  Tissue  Organ  System  Organism

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a II. System Overview 1) Integumentary a) Skin (External covering) & its derivatives b) Waterproofs, cushions and protects organs, regulates temperature and excretes salts, Protects deeper tissue from injury

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview 2) Skeletal a) Bones, cartilage and ligaments b) Protects, provides framework, movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview 3) Muscular: a) Skeletal muscles b) Movement & produces heat

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2d Organ System Overview 4) Nervous a) Nerves, brain and spinal cord b) Fast-acting control system & responds to internal and external change

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2e Organ System Overview 5) Endocrine a) Ductless glands b) Controls slow, long lasting processes by producing hormones

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview 6) Cardiovascular a)Heart, blood and vessels b) Transports materials and protects from invaders

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview 7) Lymphatic a) Lymph nodes, lymph and vessels b) Returns fluid to blood and fight infection Figure 1.2g

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview 8) Respiratory a) Nose, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, lungs and diaphragm b) Brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview 9) Digestive a) Mouth, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, liver and pancreas b) Breaks down and absorbs food Figure 1.2i

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview 10) Urinary a) Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra b) Filters wastes from the blood Figure 1.2j

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview 11) Reproductive a) Ovaries, testes and accessory structures b) Produce the gametes for reproduction Figure 1.2k

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings III. Necessary Life Functions 1) Characteristics of living things a) Maintain boundaries b) Move c) Irritability (Responsiveness): d) Digestion e) Metabolism: f) Excretion g) Growth: h) Reproduction:

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 2) Survival needs: food, oxygen, water and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure 3) Control mechanism a) Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis b) There are 3 components of a control mechanism

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1. Receptor: sensor responding to changes 2. Control center: determines the maintained level and analyzes the information from receptors to determine proper response 3. Effector: The means for the control c) Feedback: 1. Positive: The response increases the effect of the control mechanism 2. Negative: The response stops the effect of the mechanism (Most common)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Homeostasis Figure 1.4 d) Homeostatic imbalance:

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings IV. The Language of Anatomy 1) To prevent misunderstanding, there is a set of terms that allow structures to be easily located 2) Anatomical position a) In anatomy the body is always assumed to be in this position b) The body standing straight, head and palms forward, arms out to the side 3) Figure 1.5 page 12 shows many of the body region names

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Landmarks  Anterior Figure 1.5a  Posterior

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4) Directional terms a) These are used by medical personnel and anatomist to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another b) Know table 1.1 (page 14) and be able to use them properly (example page 13)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5) Planes and sections: a) Know page 16 top pictures

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6) Cavities: a) Dorsal: Cranial (brain) & Spinal (spinal cord) b) Ventral: Thoracic (chest) & abdominopelvic 7) Medical divisions: a) Quadrants (divides the body into 4 parts) b) Regions (Page 19, Fig. 1.8 B) Know these 9 areas

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.7

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b