CHAPTER 1 THE BASIC PLAN

How are other sciences related to Anatomy & Physiology? BIOLOGY- fundamental to all life sciences - divided into 2 main categories: 1. botany- the study of plants 2. zoology- the study of animals MORPHOLOGY- form and structure of plants and animals ANATOMY- subdivision of morphology - structure of cells and organs, their relationship to whole organism

- gross anatomy- structures visible to naked eye - histology- study of tissues - cytology- study of cells PHYSIOLOGY-how an organism functions Human physiology- physical and chemical mechanisms associated with the human body Human physiology- physical and chemical mechanisms associated with the human body What, how, why? What, how, why?

- mammalian physiology- organ systems of mammals - comparative physiology- compares different animals - environmental physiology- focuses on natural environment and how conditions affect humans

Physiology relies on other fields: Biochemistry- study of the chemistry of organisms and their life processes Psychology- study of the mind, human emotions, and behavior Pathology- the study of the causes and effects of bodily dysfunction or disease Genetics- study of how traits are transmitted from one generation to the next

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION First level: CHEMICAL LEVEL - Common to all living organisms - Atoms join to form molecules, which make up living organisms Second level: CELLULAR LEVEL - molecules interact to form organelles SPECIALIZATION - In early stages of development, cells go through DIFFERENTIATION

DIFFERENTIATION- cells having a common origin become specialized for certain functions - Develop characteristics that make them unique Third level: TISSUE LEVEL - Made up of cells with a common origin, function, and appearance

Forth level: ORGAN LEVEL - Formed when different kinds of tissues are joined together - ORGAN- differentiated part of an organism adapted for a specific function - Ex: heart, brain, liver, stomach Fifth level: ORGAN SYSTEM - Groups of organs joined together

EACH LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION DEPENDS ON THE OTHERS - damage at any level can affect the entire system

DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY Many locations are described using directional terminology ANATOMICAL POSITION- individual is standing upright, with head and palms facing forward - when lying down in the anatomical position, a person is SUPINE when face up and PRONE when face down

ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS Anatomical landmarks can help you remember the location of particular structures (these are anatomical terms): 1. Cephalon- head, cephailic 2. Oris- mouth, oral 3. Brachium- arm, brachial 4. Antebrachium- forearm, antebrachial 5. Carpus- wrist, carpal 6. Pollex- thumb

7. Patella- kneecap, patellar 8. Tarsus- ankle, tarsal 9. Nasus- nose, nasal 10. Thoracis- chest, thoracic 11. Umbilicus- navel, umbilical 12. Manus- hand, manual 13. Dorsum- back, dorsal 14. Gluteus- buttocks, gluteal

15. Popliteus- back of knee, popliteal 16. Calcaneus- heel, calcaneal 17. Plantus- sole of foot, plantar 18. Cervicis- neck, cervical 19. Face- facial 20. Forehead- frontal 21. Cheek- buccal

22. Ear- otic 23. Cranium- skull, cranial 24. Mentis- chin, mental 25. Axilla- armpit, axillary 26. Antecubitis- front of elbow, antecubital 27. Palm- palmar 28. Digits- fingers or toes, digital 29. Leg- crural 30. Hallux- big toe

31. Pes- foot, pedal 32. Thigh- femoral 33. Pubis- genitals, pubis 34. Groin- inguinal 35. Pelvis- pelvic 36. Abdomen- abdominal 37. Mamma- breast, mammary 38. Shoulder- acromial

39. Olecranon- back of elbow, olecranal 40. Loin- lumbar 41. Calf- sural 42. Eye- orbital

BODY PLANES Humans have BILATERAL BODY SYMMETRY- body can be bisected vertically into equal right and left halves MIDSAGITTAL PLANE- plane that dissects body into equal right and left halves

SAGITTAL PLANE- vertical plane that divides the body into unequal halves n/eng/image/iintroduction/sagi ttal.jpg n/eng/image/iintroduction/sagi ttal.jpg

FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE- If a vertical plane is drawn through the body at right angles to the midsagittal plane, the body is divided into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions TRANSVERSE PLANE- when the body is divided horizontally (at right angle), then it is divided into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) positions

TERMS OF DIRECTION Anterior/Ventral- toward the front of the body or body part Ex: The navel is on the anterior surface of the trunk Posterior/Dorsal- Toward the back of the body or body part; behind Ex: The vertebral column is dorsal to the rib cage Superior/Cranial- Uppermost part of a structure or above Ex: The legs are superior to the feet

Inferior- Lowermost part of a structure or below Ex: The diaphragm is inferior to the heart Caudal- Toward the tail (coccyx) Ex: The hips are caudal to the waist Medial- Nearest the midline of the body Ex: The big toe is on the medial side of the foot Lateral- Away from the midline, to the side Ex: The ears are on each lateral side of the head

Proximal- Nearest the attachment of an appendage Ex: The elbow is proximal to the hand Distal- Away from the point of attachment Ex: The hand is distal to the elbow Superficial- Close to the body surface Ex: The skin is superficial to underlying structures

Deep- Farther away from the body surface Ex: The bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal muscles

BODY CAVITIES 2 MAJOR CAVITIES: DORSAL CAVITY- found within the skull and vertebral column * cranial cavity * spinal cavity VENTRAL CAVITY- diaphragm divides: * thoracic cavity- superior, contains lungs, esophagus, heart, and major blood vessels

* abdominopelvic cavity- inferior, includes most of digestive organs, kidneys, spleen ** abdominal cavity ** pelvic cavity - Internal organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called VISCERA - The walls of the cavities are lined with a layer called a SEROUS MEMBRANE

The thoracic cavity contains 3 internal chambers: - 1 pericardial cavity (heart) - 2 pleural cavities (lungs)

ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW SKELETAL SYSTEM- bones, cartilage, joints, marrow - Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood MUSCULAR SYSTEM- skeletal muscles, tendons - Responsible for movement; provides support; produces heat

NERVOUS SYSTEM- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs for sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch - Makes us aware of environmental stimuli, and gives us the ability to react to these stimuli DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- long, tubular passageway stretching from the lips to the anus - Processes food and absorbs nutrients

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs - provides body with continuous supply of oxygen CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- heart, blood vessels, blood - transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus - defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream URINARY SYSTEM- includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra - eliminate wastes from the body in the form of urine

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream - directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - produces sex cells and hormones - produces sex cells and hormones