THE ANATOMY OF 19 TH AND 20 TH CENTURY REVOLUTIONS THE VARIOUS TYPES OF MODERN REVOLUTIONS

TYPES OF REVOLUTIONS Bourgeois (liberal) revolution Bourgeois (liberal) revolution Mass revolutions Mass revolutions Nationalist/Religious Revolutions Nationalist/Religious Revolutions Communist Revolutions Communist Revolutions Worker-Oriented or Peasant-Oriented Worker-Oriented or Peasant-Oriented Rightist Revolutions Rightist Revolutions Nazi, Fascist, Peronist, Spanish Nazi, Fascist, Peronist, Spanish 20th Century Democratic Revolution 20th Century Democratic Revolution The Mixed Revolution The Mixed Revolution

BOURGEOIS LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS Generally 1680s to 1830s Generally 1680s to 1830s English, American, French, Haitian English, American, French, Haitian Belgian, Dutch, Italian, German Belgian, Dutch, Italian, German Meiji Restoration of 1867 (Japan) Meiji Restoration of 1867 (Japan) Often focuses on middle class issues Often focuses on middle class issues Violence occurs but not always a means Violence occurs but not always a means Tendency to turn conservative Tendency to turn conservative Conflict with radicals Conflict with radicals Nationalism managed Nationalism managed

NATIONALIST OR INTERIM Generally between 1830 – 1870 Generally between 1830 – 1870 Latin American independence movements Latin American independence movements Mehmet Ali (Egypt), 1830 Mehmet Ali (Egypt), 1830 French Revolution 1848, Commune 1870 French Revolution 1848, Commune 1870 Polish 1830, 1848, 1863 Polish 1830, 1848, th c. Eastern Europe 19 th c. Eastern Europe All revolutions of 1848 All revolutions of 1848 Increasingly nationalist Increasingly nationalist Increasingly poor citizens participate Increasingly poor citizens participate Increasingly opposed by middle class Increasingly opposed by middle class

MASS REVOLUTIONS Radical lower middle, working classes Radical lower middle, working classes Mass Mobilization by Leading Elite Mass Mobilization by Leading Elite All citizens join to achieve end All citizens join to achieve end Led by revolutionary, secretive elite Led by revolutionary, secretive elite Uses mass media to function, rule Uses mass media to function, rule Desire to remake society radically Desire to remake society radically Often uses violence as means to end Often uses violence as means to end

MASS REVOLUTIONS Nationalist or Ethnic Sectarian Nationalist or Ethnic Sectarian German, Italian unification movements German, Italian unification movements Young Turks 1890s – 1910s Young Turks 1890s – 1910s Madhi Insurrection 1890s Madhi Insurrection 1890s Filipino Insurrection 1899 – 1902 Filipino Insurrection 1899 – 1902 Iranian 1906 Iranian 1906 Chinese 1911 Chinese 1911 Iraqi 1930s Iraqi 1930s Egyptian 1950s Egyptian 1950s Iran, 1979 Iran, 1979

MASS REVOLUTIONS Rightist and Leftist Radical (Violent) Rightist and Leftist Radical (Violent) Russian Revolutions 1905, Russian Revolutions 1905, Mexican 1910 Mexican 1910 Chinese 1928 – 1949 Chinese 1928 – 1949 Fascist/Nazi Revolutions 1920s Fascist/Nazi Revolutions 1920s Yugoslav/Albanian/Vietnamese 1945 Yugoslav/Albanian/Vietnamese 1945 Algeria 1950s Algeria 1950s Mai Mai (Kenya) 1950s to 1960s Mai Mai (Kenya) 1950s to 1960s Cuban 1959 Cuban 1959 Nicaragua 1980 Nicaragua 1980

20th CENTURY DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION Mass Revolution against oppressive state Mass Revolution against oppressive state Largely Peaceful Largely Peaceful Mobilizes all classes Mobilizes all classes Often religious influence Often religious influence Opposition often uses violence, terror Opposition often uses violence, terror Began in India (Gandhi’s non-violence) Began in India (Gandhi’s non-violence) Political philosophy largely democratic Political philosophy largely democratic Often not vengeful (no Reign of Terror) Often not vengeful (no Reign of Terror)

20th CENTURY DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION Parts of Indian Revolution 1920s – 1947 Parts of Indian Revolution 1920s – 1947 American Civil Rights 1950s – 1960s American Civil Rights 1950s – 1960s Anti-Apartheid Movement, 1950s Anti-Apartheid Movement, 1950s Burmese 1980s – 1990s Burmese 1980s – 1990s Poland 1980 Poland 1980 Eastern Europe 1989 Eastern Europe 1989 Philippine 1989 Philippine 1989 Ukrainian, Georgian, Kirghiz 2004 Ukrainian, Georgian, Kirghiz 2004

FRANCE: THE MODEL ESTABLISHED MANY YEARS LATER!

OLD REGIME LOSES CONTROL The state is economically weak if not bankrupt. The state is economically weak if not bankrupt. Central government is ineffective and cannot enforce its rules and policies. Central government is ineffective and cannot enforce its rules and policies. New ideas circulate which challenge the older traditions. New ideas circulate which challenge the older traditions. Vocally powerful and influential opposition arises. Vocally powerful and influential opposition arises.

TRADITIONAL CONSERVATIVES SEEK CONTROL The old social elites attempt to reassert their privileges. The old social elites attempt to reassert their privileges. Some disaster rallies the forces, who oppose changes, seek control of the situation. Some disaster rallies the forces, who oppose changes, seek control of the situation. Short-term event sparks a conflict. Short-term event sparks a conflict. Government too divided and weak to suppress the conflict. Government too divided and weak to suppress the conflict.

THE MODERATE PHASE The moderates come to control The moderates come to control Feudalism abolished Feudalism abolished Electorate expanded Electorate expanded Liberal Constitution Liberal Constitution Reforms especially economics and political initiated. Reforms especially economics and political initiated.

REACTION TO MODERATES Moderates stop reforms. Moderates stop reforms. Moderate franchise limited. Moderate franchise limited. Radicals feel moderates too slow Radicals feel moderates too slow Radicals feel reforms too few Radicals feel reforms too few Radicals mobilize their supporters Radicals mobilize their supporters

RADICALS SIEZE CONTROL Radicals take control. Radicals take control. Radicals restructure state. Radicals restructure state. Radicals initiate sweeping changes in the society. Radicals initiate sweeping changes in the society. The radicals eliminate most old institutions completely. The radicals eliminate most old institutions completely.

RADICAL REIGN OF TERROR “The Revolution Eats Its Children” “The Revolution Eats Its Children” Opposition both foreign/domestic arises to challenge radical control. Opposition both foreign/domestic arises to challenge radical control. The radicals remove opposition often through violent methods. The radicals remove opposition often through violent methods. Radicals seek to institutionalize and spread their ideologies. Radicals seek to institutionalize and spread their ideologies.

MODERATE REACTION Moderates overthrown radicals Moderates overthrown radicals Reestablish moderate regime. Reestablish moderate regime. Repress the more radical elements in a “white terror.” Repress the more radical elements in a “white terror.” Moderates abandon the more radical reforms. Moderates abandon the more radical reforms. Moderates return some of the privileges/policies of old regime. Moderates return some of the privileges/policies of old regime. Moderates lose touch with majority of population who want more reforms. Moderates lose touch with majority of population who want more reforms.

RISE OF A STRONG LEADER Leader, usually from the military arises and focuses opposition to moderates. Leader, usually from the military arises and focuses opposition to moderates. Leader seizes control of the government, often ruling through the army. Leader seizes control of the government, often ruling through the army. Leader blends conservative, moderate and radical policies. Leader blends conservative, moderate and radical policies. Leader establishes new, effective, stable, and generally popular institutions. Leader establishes new, effective, stable, and generally popular institutions. Revolution ends. Revolution ends.

THE AMERICAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE: DOES IT FIT THE MODEL OF A BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION?

A CRISIS BUILDS: BRITISH ALIENATE AMERICAN COLONIALS French and Indian Wars Proclamation of 1763 Proclamation of 1763 Stamp Act; Intolerable Acts Stamp Act; Intolerable Acts The Quebec Act of 1774 The Quebec Act of 1774 Mercantilism vs. Free Trade No taxation without representation Enlightenment ideas Sons of Liberty

BRITISH SEEK TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO Period lasts from Boston Massacre (1770) through meeting of Continental Congress in Philadelphia and Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775) New Englanders especially merchants and citizens around Boston are “radicals” Most of mid-Atlantic states and citizens are moderates/conciliatory. British colonial bureaucracy and landed aristocracy in the South are conservatives; seek to avert clash by working with Parliament. British government unwilling to compromise.

COOLER HEADS SEEK TO COMPROMISE From 1775 to the Declaration of Independence, 1776 through the Battle of Saratoga, 1777; From 1775 to the Declaration of Independence, 1776 through the Battle of Saratoga, 1777; Colonial moderates attempt to initiate changes, compromise, bargain with the British, Parliament Colonial moderates attempt to initiate changes, compromise, bargain with the British, Parliament Many colonists, especially in the southern colonies were skeptical about the wisdom or potential of success for the revolution. Many colonists, especially in the southern colonies were skeptical about the wisdom or potential of success for the revolution. American success at Saratoga, British actions emboldens patriots; war spreads. American success at Saratoga, British actions emboldens patriots; war spreads.

COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE BECOMES COLONIAL GOAL France enters the war (1778) until the end Battle of Yorktown (1783) Moderate colonials struggling against the more radical elements within the revolutionaries. British move south into Middle Atlantic and later Deep South; commit many atrocities War spreads as other Europeans attack UK.

PATRIOTS WIN! Look upon Articles of Confederation as moderate constitution, with which some were not happy. Radicals are represented by people such as Thomas Paine, Sons of Liberty and to a lesser extent Thomas Jefferson. Even federalist ideas are radical. The radical victories are the Battle of Yorktown and the Treaty of Paris, breaking all ties with England.

AMERICAN REIGN OF TERROR The radical reign of terror was the expulsion of the Loyalists to Canada, and the confiscation of their property. Americans war on pro-British Indians and open western lands to settlement. Begin resettlement of Indians. Proportionally to French émigrés, who fled/were guillotined, loyalist expulsions and resettlements were greater.

AMERICAN MODERATES PREDOMINATE The period from “United States” governed by Articles of Confederation. States re-establish many precolonial social, economic patterns. Ruling elites based on landed, property wealth, not nobility Episcopalians predominate (old Church of England) Many states openly trade with British Radical ideas unpopular

STRONG INSTITUTIONS STABILIZE REVOLUTION Calling of the Constitution Convention in 1787 was reaction to weaknesses in Articles of Confederation. Many people upset by moderate restoration because it was not working. US Constitution was coup d’etat. Calling of the Constitution Convention in 1787 was reaction to weaknesses in Articles of Confederation. Many people upset by moderate restoration because it was not working. US Constitution was coup d’etat. Rise of federalist idea with strong central government instead of a confederation is the consolidation of a “strong leader” Rise of federalist idea with strong central government instead of a confederation is the consolidation of a “strong leader” George Washington as a national military leader, who can calm rebellions and unite the people, are the synthesis period of the revolution represented in one man. George Washington as a national military leader, who can calm rebellions and unite the people, are the synthesis period of the revolution represented in one man.

MEXICAN REVOLUTION WAS IT BOURGEOIS OR AN EXAMPLE OF A MASS 20 TH REVOLUTION?

DIAZ LOSES CONTROL Porfirio Diaz’s Dictatorship President for life Centralized bureaucracy Conciliatory towards church Appropriated Indian communal lands Favored large landowners Impoverished peasants, debt peonage Limited participation by small middle class Many rebellions by peasants, Indians Encouraged foreign investment Development of wealth for export Resources owned by foreigners

DIAZ SEEKS TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO Many Opponents to Rule Parties organized to oppose Diaz Workers protest labor conditions Madero runs for presidency Diaz negates election Imprisons Madero Opposes changes Reaffirms status quo

EARLY REVOLUTION 1907 Economic Depression 1907 Economic Depression 1910 Revolt 1910 Revolt Country run by elites Country run by elites Corrupt government Corrupt government Weakened military Weakened military Prosperity benefits small middle class Prosperity benefits small middle class Modern economy but few own most Modern economy but few own most Impoverished countryside, revolts Impoverished countryside, revolts Discontent among elite, middle class Discontent among elite, middle class Massive social revolution Massive social revolution Madero revolt overthrews Diaz Madero revolt overthrews Diaz

REACTION TO MODERATES Liberal Madero as president, 1910 – 1913 Opposes land reform Political reforms antagonize military, US Zapata’s Plan de Ayala All land, waters, woods back to the hacendados In regions he controls, returns lands 1913 Military Rebellion Attacks National Palace Military with US support arrests Madero murdered Installs Huerta as president

RADICAL REACTION Revolutionary Forces unite Zapata, Villa, Carranza, Obregon Revolt against Huerta 1914: Vera Cruz Incident Mexicans arrest US sailors US bombards Veracruz Huerta resigns after election due to US pressure Constitutionalist army takes Mexico City Carranza becomes president Zapata, Villa depose president Institute a radical system of changes

MEXICAN CIVIL WAR 1915 Civil War as Reign of Terror Country divided into warring provinces Country divided into warring provinces Competing policies Competing policies Murders, assassinations, brutality Murders, assassinations, brutality Constitutionalists under Carranza Constitutionalists under Carranza Army seizes Mexico City Army seizes Mexico City Constitutionalists occupy Yucatan Constitutionalists occupy Yucatan Ends debt peonage Ends debt peonage Mobilized workers, peasants for revolution Mobilized workers, peasants for revolution Villa defeated by Constitutionalist Army Villa defeated by Constitutionalist Army Villa raids US after US supports Carranza Villa raids US after US supports Carranza

MODERATES PREDOMINATE End of War as Moderate victory 1917 Constitution Advanced nationalist, radical views Universal male suffrage (hostile to women) Power, property of Church restricted Free, secular, obligatory primary education Returned lands seized illegally Curbed foreign ownership 8 hour work day Minimum wage Strikes legal

STABILIZED REVOLUTION Carranza elected president Swung revolution to far-right Nationalist favoring elite ideologies Opposed education Opposed land reform Suppressed workers’ unions, revolts 1919 – 1924 Zapata captured, killed New leaders oppose Carranza Generals stage coup, kill Carranza Frequent revolts, assassinations Rise of Calles as strong man Ruled Mexico directly, indirectly for a decade Ruled through military, provincial allies He picked presidential candidates Put down Catholic revolt (Cristeros) Nationalized Church property Institutes some reforms

THE INDIAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT: WAS IT A MASS REVOLUTION OR A NON-VIOLENT EXAMPLE?

BRITAIN LOSES CONTROL Lord Ripon and Ilbert Bill Sought local self-government Opposed by Anglo-Indians Indian nationalist sentiment arose Founding of Indian National Congress Seeks expansion/reform of councils Seeks Indianization of civil service Nature becomes more aggressive Industrialization of India changes society Impact of World War I on India

BRITISH SEEK TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO Indians begin to organize Indians begin to demonstrate British pressure Indians to conform World War I: Pressures for Home Rule Anti-sedition acts Gandhi begins his fasts, satvagraha movement 1920 Armitsar Massacre Muslim, Hindu goals diverge

COOLER HEADS SEEK TO COMPROMISE 1920 Government of India Act 1920 Government of India Act Council of State; Legislative Assembly Council of State; Legislative Assembly Provincial Governments Provincial Governments Some Indians allowed to participate, vote Some Indians allowed to participate, vote Swaraj party advocates cooperation Swaraj party advocates cooperation Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement Non-violent Non-violent Independence not class conflict Independence not class conflict British negotiate with Indians British negotiate with Indians

COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE BECOMES GOAL Great Depression hurt India Gandhi’s Salt March begins civil disobedience Raids on armory, provinces in revolt Indians oppose 1935 Government of India Act Muslims and Hindus split over goals Independent minded Indians gain power Colonial powers in World War II British power defeated by Japanese Japanese invade Burma, India British promise reforms at end of war

INDEPENDENCE COMES During World War II Americans pressure British for independence Indian Army saves Britain in many battles UN agreements give India a vote 1945 Muslims, Hindus disagree 1946 Jinnah insists on Muslim state 1947 British announce plans to partition

INDIAN REIGN OF TERROR Terror, Riots precede, follow Partition Communal violence explodes Communal violence explodes Hindus, Muslims massacre each other Hindus, Muslims massacre each other Pakistan, India fight over Kashmir Pakistan, India fight over Kashmir Gandhi assassinated by nationalist Gandhi assassinated by nationalist Exchange of Populations Exchange of Populations Many Muslims moved to Pakistan Many Muslims moved to Pakistan Hindus moved to India Hindus moved to India Principalities abolished Principalities abolished

MODERATES PREDOMINATE India joins non-aligned movement India, Pakistan remain in Commonwealth Indian establish democracy Suppress secessionist movements Congress party defeats radical parties Universal franchise in India; end caste Constitution uses many old 1935 laws Pakistan tends towards tradition Establishes Islam as model, laws Suppresses ethnic, regional differences Leaves power in landlords’ hands

INSTITUTIONS, LEADERS STABILIZE REVOLUTION India India Secular state was vision Secular state was vision Federal structure of states, politics Federal structure of states, politics Business leaders critically important Business leaders critically important Nehru and later I. Gandhi guided state Nehru and later I. Gandhi guided state Strong opposition parties allowed to run Strong opposition parties allowed to run Pakistan Pakistan Traditional social elements in control Traditional social elements in control No significant redistribution of resources No significant redistribution of resources Military influences government Military influences government Centralized planning limited Centralized planning limited

VIETNAMESE INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION MOVEMENT: WAS IT NATIONALIST OR COMMUNIST?

FRANCE LOSES CONTROL Example of Japan, c Asian country modernizes Modernization IS NOT westernization Defeats European power (Russia), 1905 war Example of China Chinese Boxer Rebellion; 1911 Revolution Groups mirroring Chinese Nationalist Party World War I: 100,000 workers in Europe 1918: University of Hanoi founded 1919: Confucian exam system abolished

FRANCE SEEKS TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO Vietnamese begin to organize Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League Youth, urban workers Cao Dai Sect (Monarchist) Urban, lower middle class, peasant Vietnamese Nationalist Party Educated classes, small businessmen Lower level bureaucrats, soldiers 1930 – 1931: communist uprisings French defeat rebels, exile leaders

FRANCE, JAPAN SEEKS SOME COMPROMISE World War II Comes World War II Comes France defeated, becomes Vichy regime France defeated, becomes Vichy regime Nazi-Soviet Pact Nazi-Soviet Pact Communists do not oppose Axis Communists do not oppose Axis Communists cooperate minimally with France Communists cooperate minimally with France 1940: Japan occupies Indochina 1940: Japan occupies Indochina Japan forces Vichy to cooperate Japan forces Vichy to cooperate Japan seeks status quo Japan seeks status quo Ho Chi Minh and Vietminh Ho Chi Minh and Vietminh Anti-colonial communist and nationalists Anti-colonial communist and nationalists

COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE BECOMES GOAL 1941: Nazis invade USSR, Pact off Viet Minh openly attack Japanese, Vichy Vietnamese elites cooperate with Japan, Vichy Conservative nationalists join Viet Minh 1941 – 1945 US O.S.S. supports Ho Chi Minh US opposes French return to colonialism 1945 Ho declares independence French troops land to reestablish colonies

INDEPENDENCE COMES During World War II Americans pressure France to decolonize 1945 – 1949 France seizes cities, ports, urban elites, south France establishes puppet monarchy in Hue Viet Minh control countryside, peasants, north 1950 Chinese communists aid Viet Minh 1954 Viet Minh defeat French at Dien Bien Phu Geneva Accords divide nation

CIVIL WAR AS TERROR Civil War follows Partition Catholics flee south, communists move north Catholics flee south, communists move north South has military dictatorship South has military dictatorship North has communist dictatorship North has communist dictatorship Foreign Interests Foreign Interests US, USSR, PRC support different sides US, USSR, PRC support different sides Civil War as Terror 1954 – 1975 Civil War as Terror 1954 – 1975 US sends aid, later troops US sends aid, later troops Terror, assassinations, relocations, destruction Terror, assassinations, relocations, destruction North overruns South 1975 North overruns South 1975 Reorientation camps for Southerners Reorientation camps for Southerners Vietnamese persecute Chinese, boat people Vietnamese persecute Chinese, boat people

MODERATES PREDOMINATE End of War as Moderate victory South Vietnam to 1975 Extraordinarily corrupt dictatorship Communists for land reform, peasants No popular support for S. Vietnam 1976: South, North reunite Rebuild state Collectivize agriculture Nnationalize trade 5 year industrial plan 1979 Vietnam invades Cambodia Reasons: to stop Cambodian genocide Real Reason: Cambodia pro-Chinese

STABILIZED REVOLUTION 1980: Proletariat dictatorship declared 1980: Proletariat dictatorship declared 1986: 1000% inflation 1986: 1000% inflation Nguyen Van Linh comes to power Nguyen Van Linh comes to power Popular, bold reformer like Gorbachev Popular, bold reformer like Gorbachev Favors consumer goods, agriculture Favors consumer goods, agriculture Less heavy industry Less heavy industry Supports some private enterprise Supports some private enterprise Establishes international trade pacts Establishes international trade pacts Doi Moi (Jump Start Vietnamese economy) Doi Moi (Jump Start Vietnamese economy) Centralized planning curtailed; Subsidies ended Centralized planning curtailed; Subsidies ended Foreign Investment allowed Foreign Investment allowed Individual enterprise allowed Individual enterprise allowed 1990: Vietnam leaves Cambodia 1990: Vietnam leaves Cambodia 1992: US ends embargo 1992: US ends embargo 1995: Vietnam admitted to ASEAN 1995: Vietnam admitted to ASEAN

OTHER REVOLUTIONS Application and Evaluation Level Application and Evaluation Level Does the Industrial Revolution conform to the model? If so, how? Does the Industrial Revolution conform to the model? If so, how? Should the Industrial Revolution be studied with political revolutions? Should the Industrial Revolution be studied with political revolutions? What other 19 th and 20 th century revolutions should we include in our study? What other 19 th and 20 th century revolutions should we include in our study? Synthesis Level Synthesis Level Create eight slides based on this format on one of the revolutions in your packet. Create eight slides based on this format on one of the revolutions in your packet.

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