Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor BIOLOGY 10th Edition Conservation of Biodiversity Chapter 47: pp bald eagle zooplankton kokanee salmon grizzly bear Number bald eagles (  7) opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) Year kokanee salmon (  1,000) opossum shrimp (per m 2 ) Introduction of Opossum Shirmp Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Outline Conservation Biology & Biodiversity Extinction Rates Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Indirect Value Causes of Extinction Habitat Loss Alien Species Pollution Overexploitation Conservation Techniques 2

Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Considers all aspects of biodiversity General goal is conserving natural resources for this and future generations Primary goal is the management of biodiversity for sustainable use by humans 3

Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Conservation biology supports certain ethical principles Biodiversity is desirable for the biosphere and therefore for humans Extinctions due to human actions are undesirable Complex interactions in ecosystems support biodiversity and are desirable Biodiversity brought about by evolutionary change has value in and of itself 4

Biodiversity At its simplest level, biodiversity is the variety of species on Earth Estimated that between 10 and 50 million species currently exist Genetic diversity refers to variations among the members of a population Ecosystem diversity is dependent on interactions of species in a particular area Landscape diversity involves a group of interacting ecosystems 5

Number of Described Species 6 insects 900,000 plants 240,000 animals 280,000 fungi 63,665 protists 55,000 bacteria and archaea 5,000 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Eagles and Bears Feed on Spawning Salmon bald eagle zooplankton kokanee salmon grizzly bear Number bald eagles (  7) opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) Year kokanee salmon (  1,000) opossum shrimp (per m 2 ) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction of Opossum Shirmp

Distribution of Biodiversity Biodiversity is not evenly distributed throughout the biosphere Biodiversity is highest at the tropics Biodiversity hotspots Contain about 44% of known higher plant species and 35% of terrestrial vertebrate species Represent only about 1.4% of earth’s land area 8

Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Medicinal Value Agricultural Value Crops Biological Pest Controls Pollinators Consumptive Use Value Wood Skins Wild fruits and vegetables Hunting and fishing 9

Direct Value of Wildlife 10 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Wild species, like the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, play a role in medical research. Wild species, like many marine species, provide us with food. Wild species, like the rosy periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus, are sources of many medicines. (Periwinkle): © Kevin Schaefer/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Armadillo): © John Cancalosi/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Fishermen): © Herve Donnezan/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Rubber harvest): © Bryn Campbell/Stone/Getty; (Bat): © Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; (Ladybug): © Anthony Mercieca/Photo Researchers, Inc. Wild species, like ladybugs, Coccinella, play a role in biological control of agricultural pests. Wild species, like the lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae, are pollinators of agricultural and other plants. Wild species, like rubber trees, Hevea, can provide a product indefinitely if the forest is not destroyed.

Value of Biodiversity Indirect Value Biogeochemical Cycles Waste Disposal Provision of Fresh Water Prevention of Soil Erosion Regulation of Climate Ecotourism 11

Indirect Value of Ecosystems Number of Plant Species Rate of Photosynthesis a. b. c. a: © William Smithey, Jr.; b: © Don and Pat Valenti/DRK Photo Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Causes of Extinction Habitat Loss Occurs in all ecosystems Recent concern focuses on tropical rain forests and coral reefs Habitat Fragmentation 13

Habitat Loss 14 b. Macaws on salt lick Roads cut through forest Forest occurs in patches Habitat Loss Exotic Species Pollution Overexploitation Disease Destroyed areas c. Wildlife habitat is reduced. a. Threats to wildlife % Species Affected by Threat Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © Gunter Ziesler/Peter Arnold, Inc.; c: Courtesy Woods Hole Research Center; d: Courtesy R.O. Bierregaard; e: Courtesy Thomas Stone, Woods Hole Research Center

Exotic Species Nonnative species that migrate, or are introduced, into a new ecosystem Avenues of Human Introduction Colonization Horticulture and Agriculture Accidental Transport 15

Alien Species 16 a.b. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. a: © Chuck Pratt/Bruce Coleman, Inc.; b: © Chris Johns/National Geographic Image Collection

Pollution Any environmental change that adversely affects living things Acid Deposition Eutrophication Ozone Depletion Organic Chemicals Global Warming 17

Global Warming 18 – minimum likely increase maximum likely increase Mean Global Temperature Change (°C) a. b. most probable temperature for a twofold increase in CO 2 Year Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: Courtesy Walter C. Jaap/Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission

Overexploitation The number of individuals taken from the population is so great that the population becomes severely reduced in numbers Positive feedback cycle The market forces driving overexploitation: Exotic Pets Poaching Overfishing 19

Trawling 20 a. Fishing by use of a drag net b. Result of drag net fishing a: © Shane Moore/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Peter Auster/University of Connecticut Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Conservation Techniques Habitat Preservation Keystone Species Metapopulations Small populations isolated because of habitat fragmentation Source Populations Sink Populations 21

Habitat Preservation 22 a. Grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis b. Old-growth forest; northern spotted owl, Strix occidentalis caurina (inset) a: © Gerard Lacz/Peter Arnold, Inc.; b(Forest): © Art Wolfe/Artwolfe.com; b(Owl): © Pat & Tom Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Conservation Techniques Landscape Preservation Landscape protection for one species benefits other wildlife in the same space The Edge Effect The edge around a patch of habitat has conditions different from the patch interior An edge reduces the amount of habitat typical for an ecosystem 23

Edge Effect 24 habitat patch 30.55% 43.75% 64% 88.8% a. b. area subject to edge effect increasing percentage of patch influenced by edge effects brown-headed cowbird chick yellow warbler chick Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © Jeff Foott Productions

Conservation Techniques Habitat Restoration Restoration ecology seeks scientific ways to return ecosystems to their state prior to habitate degradation Three Principles of restoration ecology Begin as soon as possible before remaining fragments are lost Once natural history is understood, use biological techniques to mimic natural processes Goal is sustainable development 25

Restoration of the Everglades 26 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (Panther): © Tom & Pat Leeson/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Alligator): © Fritz Polking/Visuals Unlimited; (Ibis): © Stephen G. Maka; 47.11(Spoonbill): © Kim Heacox/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Stork): © Millard H. Sharp/Photo Researchers, Inc Tampa Naples Miami T aylor Slough miles A B C D C a. Location of Everglades National Park (purple) Florida panther, Puma concolor coryi American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis White ibis, Eudocimus albusRoseate spoonbill, Ajaia ajaja Wood stork, Mycteria americana b. Wildlife in Everglades Everglades National Park Fort Lauderdale Historic Everglades Ten Thousand Islands West Palm Beach Original watershed boundary Gulf of Mexico Florida Bay Lake Okeechobee ATLANTIC OCEAN

Review Conservation Biology & Biodiversity Extinction Rates Value of Biodiversity Direct Value Indirect Value Causes of Extinction Habitat Loss Alien Species Pollution Overexploitation Conservation Techniques 27

Sylvia S. Mader Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor BIOLOGY 10th Edition Conservation of Biodiversity Chapter 47: pp bald eagle zooplankton kokanee salmon grizzly bear Number bald eagles (  7) opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) Year kokanee salmon (  1,000) opossum shrimp (per m 2 ) Introduction of Opossum Shirmp Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.