APUSH Review Colonial America

First European Contact with Native Americans Iroquois Confederacy: Political & language differences hindered Native Americans as they attempted to respond to the threat posed by the European colonists Iroquois were the most important & powerful Native American political alliance. Successfully ended generations of tribal warfare. Trade and Columbian Exchange: Exchange of foods, plants, animals & diseases between Europeans and Natives Native Americans who interacted with the English became dependent on the fur trade Smallpox, influenza and measles decimated the Native population

Similarities & Differences between Native Americans & English settlers Natives don’t share English concept of private property Native children are often part of mother’s clan (matrilineal) Similarities: Both live in village communities Both sense strong sense of spirituality Both divide labor by gender Both depend on agricultural economies

Plantation Colonies Virginia Colony Joint Stock Company Primary goal to make profit Religious motivation was much less important than in founding of Maryland (Catholic), Pennsylvania (Quakers), Rhode Island (freedom of religion) and Massachusetts (Puritans) Tobacco: made Chesapeake colonies survive By mid 1700s tobacco is the most valuable cash crop produced in Southern states

Plantation Colonies & Growth of Slavery From Servitude to Slavery in the Chesapeake Region 1607-1690: Indentured servants played key role in the growth of tobacco system in VA & MD. Chief source of agricultural labor Planters in VA & MD used the “headright” system to encourage importation of indentured servants. Pay passage-get 50 addtl acres Number of slaves increased dramatically in the last quarter of the 17th century Slave labor in colonial VA spread rapidly in the late 17th century as Blacks displaced white indentured servants

Bacon’s Rebellion Exposed tensions between the former indentured servants, who were poor, and the gentry (planter class) who were rich Planters became more suspicious of their former indentured servants & turned to slaves as more reliable sources of labor

Growth of Plantation Economies & Slave Societies 1690-1754 Slavery developed & spread because the cultivation of tobacco required inexpensive labor Slavery legally established in all 13 colonies by the early 1700s Although enslaved, Africans maintained cultural practices brought from Africa Rice was the most important crop grown in SC during the mid 18th century Stono Rebellion 1739- was one of the earliest known acts of rebellion against slavery in America-SC slaves tried to flee to Spanish FL

Puritans Key Facts: Came to New England in family groups to escape religious restrictions, political repression and an economic recession Leader was John Winthrop Lived in small villages surrounded by farmland Close relationship between church & state Wanted trained ministry

Puritans and City on the Hill Model Christian society with a sense of mission Strict moral conduct Religious freedom?- did not tolerate religious dissent- kicked out Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson HINT- APUSH writers admire dissidents & think you should know them too. Half way covenant=Puritan zeal lessens. Eases church membership requirements & allows baptism of children of baptized but unconverted Puritans

First Great Awakening KEY POINTS! New Light ministers: Took form of wave of religious revivals that began in New England in the 1730s “New Light” ministers advocated an emotional approach to religious practice. This weakens the authority of traditional “Old Light” ministers and established churches New Light ministers: Promoted growth of New Light institutions (Princeton) Sparked renewed missionary spirit that led to the conversion of many slaves Led to greater appreciation for the emotional experiences of faith Led to divisions within both the Presbyterian and Congregational churches, resulting in religious diversity Led to growing popularity of itinerant ministers Led to increase in number of women in church congregations HINT- Don’t forget about the First Great Awakening- has appeared on 5 of the last 6 released exams. Close attention to the consequences of the First Great Awakening.

Penn & Quakers William Penn Liberal colony w/ representative assembly elected by landowners Freedom of religion Quakers: Pacifists- carried no guns Advocated freedom of worship & greater role for women in services Opposed slavery & first abolotionists