Slide 1 Figure 11-1 Page 194

Slide 2 Biodiversity Increase Factors Middle stages of succession Moderate environmental disturbance Small changes in environmental conditions Physically diverse habitat Evolution Decrease Factors Extreme environ- mental conditions Large environmental disturbance Intense environ- mental stress Severe shortages of key resources Nonnative species introduction Geographic isolation Figure 11-2 Page 195

Slide 3 Human Population Size and resource use Human Activities Agriculture, industry, economic production and consumption, recreation Indirect Effects Direct Effects Degradation and destruction of natural ecosystems Alteration of natural chemical cycles and energy flows Changes in number and distribution of species Pollution of air, water, and soil Climate change Loss of biodiversity Figure 11-3 Page 195

Slide 4 Projected Status of Biodiversity 1998–2018 Critical and endangeredThreatenedStable or intact ANTARCTICA NORTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA ASIA SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Pacific Ocean Antarctic Circle Pacific Ocean Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean 150°90°60°E0°30°W90°120°150°0° 60° 30°N 30°S 60° Arctic Circle Figure 11-4 Page 196

Slide 5 The Species ApproachThe Ecosystem Approach Goal Protect species from premature extinction Strategies Identify endangered species Protect their critical habitats Tactics Legally protect endangered species Manage habitat Propagate endangered species in captivity Reintroduce species into suitable habitats Goal Protect populations of species in their natural habitats Strategy Preserve sufficient areas of habitats in different biomes and aquatic systems Tactics Protect habitat areas through private purchase or government action Eliminate or reduce populations of alien species from protected areas Manage protected areas to sustain native species Restore degraded ecosystems Figure 11-5 Page 197

Slide 6 National parks and preservesNational forests(and Xs) National wildlife refuges Figure 11-6a Page 198

Slide 7 National parks and preservesNational forests(and Xs) National wildlife refuges Figure 11-6b Page 198

Slide 8 Trade-Offs Clear-Cutting Forests Advantages Disadvantages Higher timber yields Maximum economic return in shortest time Can reforest with genetically improved fast-growing trees Short time to establish new stand of trees Needs less skill and planning Best way to harvest tree plantations Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight for growth Reduces biodiversity Disrupts ecosystem processes Destroys and fragments some wildlife habitats Leaves moderate to large openings Increases soil erosion Increases sediment water pollution and flooding when done on steep slopes Eliminates most recreational value for several decades Figure 11-7 Page 200

Slide 9 Years of growth Clear cut Weak trees removed Seedlings planted Figure 11-8 Page 201

Slide 10 Old growth Highway Figure 11-9a Page 201

Slide 11 Highway Cleared plots for grazing Cleared plots for agriculture Figure 11-9b Page 201

Slide 12 Selective Cutting Figure 11-10a Page 202

Slide 13 Shelterwood Cutting Cut 1 Cut 2 Figure 11-10b Page 202

Slide 14 Seed-Tree Cutting Figure 11-10c Page 202

Slide 15 Clear-Cutting Figure 11-10d Page 202

Slide 16 Strip Cutting Uncut Cut Uncut 6–10 years ago 3–5 years ago 1 year ago Figure 11-10e Page 202

Slide 17 Figure Page 203 Trade-Offs Clear-Cutting Forests Advantages Disadvantages Higher timber yields Maximum economic return in shortest time Can reforest with genetically improved fast- growing trees Short time to establish new stand of trees Needs less skill and planning Best way to harvest tree plantations Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight for growth Reduces biodiversity Disrupts ecosystem processes Destroys and fragments some wildlife habitats Leaves moderate to large openings Increases soil erosion Increases sediment water pollution and flooding when done on steep slopes Eliminates most recreational value for several decades

Slide 18 Natural Capital Degradation Deforestation Decreased soil fertility from erosion Runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems Premature extinction of species with specialized niches Loss of habitat for migratory species such as birds and butterflies Regional climate change from extensive clearing Releases CO 2 into atmosphere from burning and tree decay Accelerates flooding Figure Page 203

Slide 19 Figure Page 205 Solutions Sustainable Forestry Grow more timber on long rotations Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting No clear-cutting, seed-tree, or shelterwood cutting on steeply sloped land No fragmentation of remaining large blocks of forest Sharply reduce road building into uncut forest areas Leave most standing dead trees and fallen timber for wildlife habitat and nutrient recycling Certify timber grown by sustainable methods Include ecological services of trees and forests in estimating economic value

Slide 20 Figure Page 207 Sudden oak death White pine blister rust Pine shoot beetle Beech bark disease Hemlock wooly adelgid

Slide 21 Surface fire Figure 11-15a Page 208

Slide 22 Crown fire Figure 11-15b Page 208

Slide 23 Trade-Offs Advantages Disadvantages Logging in U.S. National Forests Helps meet country’s timber needs Cut areas grow back Keeps lumber and paper prices down Provides jobs in nearby communities Promotes economic growth in nearby communities Provides only 4% of timber needs Ample private forest land to meet timber needs Has little effect on timber and paper prices Damages nearby rivers and fisheries Recreation in national forests provides more local jobs and income for local communities than logging Decreases recreational opportunities Figure Page 210

Slide 24 Rauvolfia Rauvolfia sepentina, Southeast Asia Tranquilizer, high blood pressure medication Figure 11-17a Page 211

Slide 25 Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart failure Figure 11-17b Page 211

Slide 26 Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer Figure 11-17c Page 211

Slide 27 Cinchona Cinchona ledogeriana, South America Quinine for malaria treatment Figure 11-17d Page 211

Slide 28 Rosy periwinkle Cathranthus roseus, Madagascar Hodgkin's disease, lymphocytic leukemia Figure 11-17e Page 211

Slide 29 Neem tree Azadirachta indica, India Treatment of many diseases, insecticide, spermicide Figure 11-17f Page 211

Slide 30 Oil drilling Mining Flooding from dams Tree plantations Cattle ranching Cash crops Settler farming Fires Logging Roads Not valuing ecological services Exports Government policies Poverty Population growth Roads Secondary Causes Basic Causes Figure Page 212

Slide 31 Figure Page 213 Protect most diverse and endangered areas Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry Phase out subsidies that encourage unsustainable forest use Add subsidies that encourage sustainable forest use Protect forests with debt-for-nature swaps, conservation easements, and conservation concessions Certify sustainably grown timber Reduce illegal cutting Reduce poverty Slow population growth Reforestation Rehabilitation of degraded areas Concentrate farming and ranching on already-cleared areas Restoration Prevention Solutions Sustaining Tropical Forests

Slide 32 In-text figure Page 214

Slide 33 Figure Page 215 Solutions National Parks Integrate plans for managing parks and nearby federal lands Add new parkland near threatened parks Buy private land inside parks Locate visitor paring outside parks and use shuttle buses for entering and touring heavily used parks Increase funds for park maintenance and repairs Survey wildlife in parks Raise entry fees for visitors and use funds for park management and maintenance Limit number of visitors to crowded park rangers Increase number and pay of park rangers Encourage volunteers to give visitor lectures and tours Seek private donations for park maitenance and repairs

Slide 34 Nicaragua Costa Rica Pacific Ocean Panama Caribbean Sea Peninsula Osa Pacifico Central Cordillera Volcanica Central Bajo Tempisque Arenal Guanacastle Llanuras de Tortuguero La Amistad Figure Page 216

Slide 35 Figure Page 217 Biosphere Reserve Human settlements Tourism and education center Research station

Slide 36 Figure Page 218 Develop or revise ecological goals Implement or modify strategies Develop or revise a plan Monitor and asses attainment Develop or revise ecological model

Slide 37 Figure Page 219

Slide 38 Figure Page 222 What Can You Do? Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity Plant trees and take care of them. Recycle paper and buy recycled paper products. Buy wood and wood products made from trees that have been grown sustainably. Help rehabilitate or restore a degraded area of forest or grassland near your home. When building a home, save all the trees and as much natural vegetation and soil as possible. Landscape your yard with a diversity of plants natural to the area instead of having a monoculture lawn.

Slide 39 Click to view animation. Animation Biodiversity hot-spots interaction.