從教完到教會： 談小學的單字教學 陳超明 政大英文系

一、台東英語教學理念改革 從行政面、制度面解決教學面的困境 以學生學習成效為教學檢驗的標準 從體制內引進活化教學的精神 運用適合台東學生與學習場域的英語教學法 以學生為中心 (student-centered) 以能力為指標 (competency-oriented) 操作形式的教學與練習 (work-performance)

教學目標 傳統教學 教完 課綱、進度表 能力階梯學習 教會 達到能力指標

教學模式 傳統教學 教師導向 teacher-centered 能力階梯學習 學生導向 student-centered

教師角色 傳統教學 演員（ actor ） 能力階梯學習 教練 （ coach/facilitator ）

單字教學的內涵 (Michael Graves, 2000) Wide or extensive independent reading to expand word knowledge Instruction in specific words to enhance comprehension of texts containing those words Instruction in independent word-learning strategies Word consciousness and word-play activities to motivate and enhance learning

Some methods for teaching vacabulary (National Reading Panel, 2000) Intentional vocabulary teaching Fostering word consciousness Multiple exposures in multiple contexts Restructuring of vocabulary tasks Incidental vocabulary learning

Strategies for ELLS 1. Take advantage of students’ first language 2. Teaching the meaning of basic words 3. Review and reinforcement

Several Techniques Matching synonyms Matching opposities Fill in the blank sentences He ate lunch in the _____. Cafeteria/restaurant/ snack/ snack bar/ salad/ diner Where would you find …? an MD ____ (a) on a ruler (b) in a hospital Complete the phrases To achieve _____ a) a secret To reveal ______ b) an idea To grasp ______ c) a goal Label a picture Cross out the word that doesn’t belong with the others in the group Uncle /father/ aunt/ brother

Categories: You give the example; students give the category, or vice versa Red, yellow, blue: color Color: red, yellow, blue Semantic She longed for (a) her freedom (b) her lover who was far away

Some other word games Guessing word meaning from context Using word sheets: Pronunciation, oral mini quiz, answer the questions Fun and games Act out/ pantomime Crossword puzzles Category game Password Drawing pictures

Examples: Numbers one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty Teaching pronunciation Teaching how to count Teaching categories Playing games and having fun Completing the sentence The money has _____ fingers.

Teaching vocabulary with phonics nine fine line Pine wine mine

Worksheets and others 20% teaching and 80% work-performance In-class worksheets In-class drills (phonics) In-class group activities In-class self-learning strategies In-class performance review and evaluation

學會？ 單字的評量 1. competence: pronunciation, word recognition, meaning, spelling  proficiency: making a sentence, reading, speaking, random recognition  performance: contextual use, identifying the word

Repetition and Reinforcement Vocabulary and memory Vocabulary and use Learning a new word or using a new word? Sound is more important than letters Using it in contexts

Sharing and discussion