The Age of Revolution 1750-1850 The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific) The World in 1750 and the World in 1850 The Industrial Revolution Why Britain? The First Phase (Cotton textiles) Crisis of the 1830s Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways) Industrial Revolution and Society
1450-1650 Europe Middle East Asia Transformation Econ. Polit. Ottoman Portug. Empire Dutch in SEA End of feudal relations, State Expansion
Europe Middle East Asia 1450-1650-1750 Europe Middle East Asia To America -Ottoman Empire Ming Africa, Asia -Persian Empire to Qing Absolutism Portug, Mercantilism Dutch in SEA Mughal
WORLD ECONOMIES COMPARED 1500-1775
The Age of Revolution (1750-1850) Economy (Industrial Revolution) Individual’s ability to apply scientific thinking to production, and the creation of a society based on modern industry Politics (American, French Revolutions; Revolutions of 1848) Individual’s right to challenge the old order, and claim his political rights and popular sovereignty Science (Enlightenment) Individual’s ability to understand and control nature.
World in 1750 and in 1850 Second half of the 18th. c Limited transportation Rural Trade and merchants dominate Natural sources of energy Second half of the 19th. c New methods of transportation Industry dominates trade and agriculture Nature harnessed
The Age of Revolution 1750-1850 The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific) The World in 1750 and the World in 1850 The Industrial Revolution Why Britain? The First Phase (Cotton textiles) Crisis of the 1830s Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways) Industrial Revolution and Society
Why Britain? Agricultural background Supportive state Expansion of trade (mercantilism) Suitable institutions Suitable infrastructure Overseas victories Cultural environment Seeds of early industries (cotton textiles, coal, iron, railroads)
Stages in the Mechanization of Textile Industry in Britain Separating the seeds from the fibers 1793: Eli Whitney’s mechanical gin Spinning 1764 Spinning jenny (no mechanical power) 1775 Richard Arkwright: Water powered spinning machine 1780 Steam powered mule (finer threads) Weaving 1785 Edmund Cartwright (power loom) Printing and dyeing 1772-1780s pullers
Spinning jenny (1764) Water mule (1775) Steam mule (1780) Power loom (1785) Early factory
Raw Cotton Imports to Britain 1785: 11m lbs 1850: 588m lbs Output of Cloth 1785: 40m yards 1850: 2,025m yards Cotton Cloth Imports to India 1820 11m yards 1840 145m yards
Ceiling fresco in East India Company headquarters by Spiridione Roma
From textiles to coal to iron to railroads Coal as source of heat Coal used to separate iron Railroads built to carry coals Coal used to power locomotives Railroads expanded and became a an area of investment Railroads increase demand for coal and iron
Population of Manchester 1801: 77,000 1850: 303,000 Population of Europe 1750: 100 million 1900: 400 million Population of Britain 1750: 7.4 million 1850:20.6 million Population of Manchester 1801: 77,000 1850: 303,000 Population Liverpool 1801: 82,000 1850: 397,000
Robert Owen’s Ideal Village