Chapter 12 “The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform” AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

In 1830, revolution again erupted in France as well as elsewhere on the Continent. Eugène Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People was the most famous image recalling that event. Note how he portrays persons from different social classes and occupations joining the revolution led by the figure of Liberty. Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863), Liberty Leading the People, 1830. Oil on canvas, 260 × 325 cm—RF 129. Musée du Louvre, Paris, France/Scala/Art Resource, NY In 1830, revolution again erupted in France as well as elsewhere on the Continent. Eugène Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People was the most famous image recalling that event. Note how he portrays persons from different social classes and occupations joining the revolution led by the figure of Liberty. Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863), Liberty Leading the People, 1830. Oil on canvas, 260 × 325 cm—RF 129. Musée du Louvre, Paris, France/Scala/Art Resource, NY

19th Century Political Movements A. Liberal Political Goals: 1. Put Enlightenment ideas into practice 2. Legal equality 3. Religious toleration 4. Freedom of the press 5. Written constitutions B. Nationalism 1. extreme patriotism, sense of duty for nation or ethnicity 2. people are brought together by common bonds of language, culture, geography, politics, and history 3. ‘us vs. them’ mentality results 4. Ex of Nationalism: South during U.S. Civil War Confederates

Map 21–2 CENTERS OF REVOLUTION IN 1848–1849 The revolution that toppled the July monarchy in Paris in 1848 soon spread to Austria and many of the German and Italian states. Yet by the end of 1849, most of these uprisings had been suppressed.

C. Conservative Political Goals: 1 C. Conservative Political Goals: 1. maintain rule by legitimate monarchies, powerful aristocracies, and established churches 2. prevent political unrest, maintaining international peace 3. written constitutions unnecessary 4. disliked Enlightenment 5. Metternich of Au – desired “peace and quiet” - Feared spread of liberalism and nationalism 6. 1819 - The Carlsbad Decrees - rooted out rebellious ideas w/censorship and press controls in Au and southern G - Burschenschaften – G student nationalists - Karl Sand, murdered conservative author and is executed by Au authorities - Sand becomes a martyr for nationalism

In May 1820, Karl Sand, a German student and a member of a Burschenschaft, was executed for his murder of the conservative playwright August von Kotzebue the previous year. In the eyes of many young German nationalists, Sand was a political martyr. Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY In May 1820, Karl Sand, a German student and a member of a Burschenschaft, was executed for his murder of the conservative playwright August von Kotzebue the previous year. In the eyes of many young German nationalists, Sand was a political martyr. Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY

D. Revolt Against Ottoman Rule 1.1830 - Serbia - Independence granted by Ot after years revolts and fighting - Ru supports and protects Serbia due to their common Slavic ethnicity

Fr After Napoleon A. 1830 - Constitutional Monarchy 1. Unpopular Charles X abdicates 2. Louis-Philippe - Popular liberal reforms including Freedom of religion and press - unpopular with lower classes - worker revolts put down violently III.1825 – The Decembrist Revolt in Ru A. Tsar Nicholas I – stops coup, represses liberalism

ecame Argentina. Independence Movements in Latin America by 1830 Map 20–2 LATIN AMERICA IN 1830 By 1830 most of Latin America had been liberated from Europe. This map shows the initial borders of the states of the region with the dates of their independence. The United Provinces of La Plata formed the nucleus of what later became Argentina.

Chapter 13 “Economic Advances and Social Unrest” AP EUROPEAN HISTORY MR. RICK PURRINGTON MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

As textile production became increasingly automated in the nineteenth century, textile factories required fewer skilled workers and more unskilled attendants. To fill these unskilled positions, factory owners turned increasingly to unmarried women and widows, who worked for lower wages than men and were less likely to form labor organizations. Courtesy of the Library of Congress

Power looms used in the mass production of textiles during the Industrial Revolution. Dorling Kindersley Medical Library/David Lyons © Dorling Kindersley. Courtesy of the Boott Cotton Mills Museum, Lowell, Massachusetts

Map 21–1 EUROPEAN RAILROADS IN 1850 A mid-century Britain had the most extensive rail network, and the most industrialized economy, in Europe, but rail lines were expanding rapidly in France, the German states, and Austria. Southern and eastern Europe had few railways, and the Ottoman Empire had none. Map 21–1 EUROPEAN RAILROADS IN 1850 A mid-century Britain had the most extensive rail network, and the most industrialized economy, in Europe, but rail lines were expanding rapidly in France, the German states, and Austria. Southern and eastern Europe had few railways, and the Ottoman Empire had none.

Image Works/Mary Evans Picture Library Ltd. George Stephenson (1781–1848) invented the locomotive in 1814, but the “Rocket,” his improved design shown here, did not win out over other competitors until 1829. In the following two decades the spread of railways transformed the economy of Western Europe. Image Works/Mary Evans Picture Library Ltd.

The “invisible hand” “From each according to his ability, to each according to his need." ~ Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto

I. Marxist Socialism A. 1848 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write The Communist Manifesto 1. “the bible” of socialism 2. class struggles need to be eliminated 3. industrialization has split classes more than ever: - bourgeoisie – upper middle class - proletariat – industrial working class - bourgeoisie profits = wages stolen from the proletariat 4. Marx predicts a violent Proletarian Revolution - “The proletariat has nothing to lose but its chains.” Karl Marx

Ayn Rand

Europe in 1800

The Revolutions of 1848 A. Series of liberal and nationalistic revolutions in: 1. Fr, Au, Italy, G 2. Reasons: IDEAS and DISCONTENT - increased literacy, food shortages, unemployment, poor working conditions

Map 21–2 CENTERS OF REVOLUTION IN 1848–1849 The revolution that toppled the July monarchy in Paris in 1848 soon spread to Austria and many of the German and Italian states. Yet by the end of 1849, most of these uprisings had been suppressed.

B. 1848 - Fr 1. class injustice = discontent! Louis-Philippe abdicates the throne 2. The Second Republic reigns - 1851 Louis Napoleon elected President = NAPOLEON III Louis Napoleon

During the February days of the French Revolution of 1848, crowds in Paris burned the throne of Louis Philippe. Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY During the February days of the French Revolution of 1848, crowds in Paris burned the throne of Louis Philippe. Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY

C. 1848 - Austria - liberal, nationalistic ideas are spreading - Hungarians, Serbs, Croats, all want independence, protests erupt - Serfdom is abolished - Hungarians earn statehood - Metternich flees in disguise - Revolutions crushed by Habsburg and Ru military - 1849 Austria-Hungary

Europe 1900