Prepared By Kapil Soni IICE Udaipur (Learning Centre Code: ) 1 Networking

2 Topics Covered Introduction to Networking. Introduction to Networking. Types of Networking. Types of Networking. Basic Hardware Requirements for Networking. Basic Hardware Requirements for Networking. Additional Components Required for Networking. Additional Components Required for Networking. Transmission Media. Transmission Media. Protocols. Protocols. Switching Techniques Switching Techniques Multiplexing Multiplexing

3 Introduction to Networking A “network ” has been defined as “any set of interlinking lines resembling a net, a network of roads or an interconnected system, a network of alliances”. A “network ” has been defined as “any set of interlinking lines resembling a net, a network of roads or an interconnected system, a network of alliances”. A “network” is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. A “network” is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links.

4 Types of Networking Physical Networking Physical Networking Topology Topology Network Architecture Network Architecture Reference Models Reference Models Service Oriented Network Service Oriented Network  LAN, MAN, WAN  Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh  Host Based, Master Slave, Client Server, Peer to Peer  OSI and TCP / IP  Connection Less and Connection Oriented

5 Physical Networking One of the primary category into which a network falls is determined by its size. On the basis of the size and the geographical area following are the categories fall under physical type of networking: -  Local Area Network (LAN): - Usually privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or campus not exceeding few kilometers.  Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): - Network which is setup within a city or a town.  Wide Area Network (WAN): - Network which does not have any limit spread over large geographic areas that may comprise a country, continent or even the whole world.

6 Local Area Network

7 Metropolitan Area Network

8 Wide Area Network

99 Topology The term Physical Topology refers to the way in which a network is laid out physically. Two or more devices connect to a link; two or more links form a Topology. The Topology of a network is the geometric representation of all the links and linking devices to another. Network topology is the study of the arrangement or mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a network, especially the physical (real) and logical (virtual) interconnections between nodes. There are four basic topologies: -  Bus Topology  Ring Topology  Star Topology  Mesh Topology

1010 Bus Topology: - The type of network topology in which all of the nodes of the network are connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two endpoints (this is the 'bus', which is also commonly referred to as the backbone, or trunk) – all data that is transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted over this common transmission medium and is able to be received by all nodes in the network virtually simultaneously (disregarding propagation delays).

1111 Bus Topology (Contd…): -

1212 Ring Topology: - The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is connected to two other nodes in the network and with the first and last nodes being connected to each other, forming a ring – all data that is transmitted between nodes in the network travels from one node to the next node in a circular manner and the data generally flows in a single direction only.

1313 Ring Topology (Contd…): -

1414 Star Topology: - The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is connected to a central node with a point-to-point link in a 'hub' and 'spoke' fashion, the central node being the 'hub' and the nodes that are attached to the central node being the 'spokes' (e.g., a collection of point-to-point links from the peripheral nodes that converge at a central node) – all data that is transmitted between nodes in the network is transmitted to this central node, which is usually some type of device that then retransmits the data to some or all of the other nodes in the network, although the central node may also be a simple common connection point (such as a 'punch-down' block) without any active device to repeat the signals.

1515 Star Topology (Contd…): -

1616 Mesh Topology: - The type of network topology in which each of the nodes of the network is connected to each of the other nodes in the network with a point-to-point link – this makes it possible for data to be simultaneously transmitted from any single node to all of the other nodes.

1717 Mesh Topology (Contd…): -

18 Reference Models: - The reference model describes the designing of a network architecture and helps us in understanding its flexibility and robustness. There are two types of reference models viz., The OSI (Open System Interconnection) Model and the TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) Model.

19 The OSI Model: - OSI stands for Open Source Interconnection. A Model developed by the International Standards Organization, commonly known as ISO. The primary objective to develop this model was to cover all aspects of network communications. The purpose of OSI model is to open communication between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of underlying hardware and software. OSI model is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows for communication across all types of computer systems.

20 The OSI Model (Contd…): - OSI Model comprises of seven ordered layers. These are: - Physical Layer – Referred as Layer 1 Physical Layer – Referred as Layer 1 Data Link Layer – Referred as Layer 2 Data Link Layer – Referred as Layer 2 Network Layer – Referred as Layer 3 Network Layer – Referred as Layer 3 Transport Layer – Referred as Layer 4 Transport Layer – Referred as Layer 4 Session Layer – Referred as Layer 5 Session Layer – Referred as Layer 5 Presentation Layer – Referred as Layer 6 Presentation Layer – Referred as Layer 6 Application Layer – Referred as Layer 7 Application Layer – Referred as Layer 7 Each Layer defines a family of functions distinct from those of the other layers. The purpose of designing such a layered type of model was to project the transmitting data down to its most fundamental element.

21 Figure: The ISO/OSI Reference Model

22 Functions of Each Layer of OSI Model: -  Physical Layer: - The Physical Layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium. It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the interface and transmission medium. It also defines the procedures and functions that physical devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to occur. Following are the elements concerned with the Physical Layer of OSI Model: - Physical characteristics of interfaces and media. Representation of bits. Representation of bits. Data rate. Data rate. Synchronization of bits. Synchronization of bits. Line configuration. Line configuration. Physical topology. Physical topology. Transmission mode. Transmission mode.

23  Data Link Layer: - The Data Link Layer transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a reliable link and is responsible for node to node delivery. It makes the physical layer appear error free to the upper layer. The data link layer also oversees the delivery of the packet between two systems on the same network. Responsibilities of the Data Link Layer are : - Framing Physical Addressing Flow Control Flow Control Error Control Error Control Access Control

24  Network Layer: - The Network Layer is responsible for the source to destination delivery of a packet across multiple networks. It ensures that each packet gets from its point of origin to its final destination. It also oversees the end to end delivery of individual packets, however, it does not recognize any relationship between those packets. Each packets are treated independently irrespective if the packet belonged to the same message or to a different message. Responsibilities of the Network Layer are: - Logical Addressing Logical Addressing Routing Routing

25  Transport Layer: - The Transport Layer is responsible for source to destination (end to end) delivery of the entire message. It also ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the source to destination level. Also the transport layer may create a connection between two end ports. A Connection is a single logical path between the source and the destination that is associated with all packets in a message. Creating a connection involves three steps: - Connection Establishment. Connection Establishment. Data Transfer and Data Transfer and Connection Release Connection Release By confining transmission of all packets to a single pathway, the transport layer has more control over sequencing, flow, and error detection and correction.

26  Transport Layer (Contd….): - Responsibilities of Transport Layer are as follows: - Service Point Addressing. Segmentation and Reassembly. Connection Control. Flow Control. Error Control.

27  Session Layer: - Session Layer is the network dialog controller. It establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction between communicating systems. Responsibilities of Session Layer are as follows: - Dialog Control. Synchronization.

28  Presentation Layer: - Presentation Layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between two systems. Responsibilities of Presentation Layer are as follows: - Translation. Encryption. Compression.

29  Application Layer: - Application Layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network. It provides user interfaces and support for services such as E – Mail, remote file access and transfer, shared database management and other types of distributed information services. Responsibilities of Application Layer are as follows: - Network Virtual Terminal File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM). Mail Services. File Transfer, Access and Management (FTAM). Mail Services. Directory Services. Directory Services.

30 The TCP / IP Model: - TCP / IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. This model was developed prior to the OSI model. Therefore, the layers in the TCP / IP do not match exactly with those in the OSI model. TCP / IP model is made up of five layers. These are: -  Physical Layer – Referred as Layer 1  Data Link Layer – Referred as Layer 2  Network Layer – Referred as Layer 3  Transport Layer – Referred as Layer 4  Application Layer – Referred as Layer 5

31 Figure: The ISO/OSI Reference Model and the TCP / IP Reference Model

32 Basic Hardware Requirements for Networking Modem Modem Ethernet Card Ethernet Card RJ – 45 RJ – 45 RJ – 11 RJ – 11

33 External Modem

34 Internal Modem

35 Ethernet Card

36 RJ – 45 and RJ – 11

37 Additional Hardware Components of Networking Hubs Hubs Routers Routers Switches Switches Bridges Bridges Gateways Gateways

38 A Hub

39 A Router

40 A Switch

41 A Bridge

42 A Gateway

43 Types of Transmission Media Guided Media Guided Media Twisted Pair Cable Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cables Coaxial Cables Optical Fibers Optical Fibers Un – Guided Media Un – Guided Media Micro Wave Radio Wave Satellite Blue Tooth Infrared

44 Twisted Pair Cable A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.

45 Coaxial Cable (Contd….)

46 Optical Fibers (Contd…)

47 Micro Wave Transmission Media (Contd…) : -

48 Radio Wave Transmission Media (Contd…) : -

49 Satellite Communication (Contd…) : -

50 Bluetooth (Contd…): -

Thank You Thank You Kapil Soni 51