Signal Transduction Mechanisms Chemical Messengers and Receptors

Cell Signals What kinds of environmental factors do cells respond to?

Chemical Signals What is the difference between hormones and parcrine factors?

Signal Transduction What elements are involved in cell signaling?

Signal Transduction What is the difference between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic messenger? What kinds of substances fall into each of these categories?

Signal Transduction What exactly do we mean by signal transduction?

Signal Transduction What is true about the attachment between ligand and receptor? What is meant by receptor affinity? What is Kd?

Signal Transduction What is meant by receptor down regulation? Why is a knowledge of receptor function so important?

G Protein-Linked Receptors What is a G protein? What does this type of receptor look like?

G Protein-Linked Receptors

Structure of G Proteins Why are many G proteins considered heterotrimeric?

Activation of G Proteins

G Proteins What are some of the effects of activated G proteins?

Cyclic AMP & G Proteins

Cyclic AMP

Cyclic AMP How does c-AMP act as a second messenger in the cell?

Cyclic AMP What are some of the observed effects of c-AMP in cells?

Cyclic AMP What do the organisms that cause cholera and pertusis have in common?

G Proteins Besides c-AMP what other second messengers depend upon G proteins?

G Proteins How is inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol formed?

G Proteins

Inositol Triphosphate & Diacylglycerol What cell functions are regulated by these second messengers?

Calcium Ions How is the Ca+2 concentration in cells regulated?

Calcium Ions How do we know that Ca+2 are involved in cell signaling mechanisms?

Calcium Ions How does Ca+2 exert its effects in the cell?

Calcium Ions What role does an increase in Ca+2 play in the development of animals?

Calcium Ions What role does Ca+2 play in plant cell function?

Calcium Ions How are G proteins involved in smooth muscle relaxation?

Protein Kinase Associated Receptors What do all of these receptors have in common?

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors What do we know about the structure of these receptors?

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors What are non-receptor tyrosine kinases?

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors What happens when this receptor is activated?

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

Growth Factors What are growth factors?

Growth Factors

Fibroblast Growth Factor What role does this growth factor play in embryonic development?

TGF-β How does TGF-β differ from FGF?

Growth Factors What do these different pathways have in common?

Growth Factors In what way is cancer related to growth factors?

Hormones How do we differentiate an endocrine from a paracrine hormone? between a paracrine hormone and a growth factor?

Hormones What are some physiological functions controlled by hormones?

Hormones

Adrenergic Hormones In general, how do these hormones affect the body? What are some of the specific effects of these hormones?

Adrenergic Hormones What kinds of receptors respond to these hormones?

Adrenergic Hormones On what tissues do we find α receptors? smooth muscle associated with arterioles that feed heart, bronchioles & skeletal muscle

Adrenergic Hormones What are some of the cell functions regulated by epinephrine via the c-AMP pathway?

Adrenergic Hormones How specifically does epinephrine influence the breakdown of glycogen?

Adrenergic Hormones In what way do the α and β receptors act antagonistically? How are responses to hormones coordinated?

Paracrine Hormones What does histamine do and why is it important

Paracrine Hormones What role do prostaglandins play in blood clot formation?

Cell Signaling and Apoptosis How is apoptosis different from necrosis?

Cell Signaling and Apoptosis How are caspases related to apoptosis?

Cell Signaling and Apoptosis