Atom: small particles that make up all matter. They have mass and give substances unique properties. Element: A substance composed of a single atom or the same atoms. Ex: iron FE Molecule: Smallest part of a substance that can exist separately without losing its physical and chemical properties. It can be an element or a compound. C6- H12-O6 Ion: An atom that loses or gains electrons and therefore carries a charge. FE+, CL- Water: Electrically neutral substance that acts as a solvent for compounds. Acid: A substance that releases H+ into a solvent. HCL Base: A substance that combines with H+ to reduce acidity of a solution. Bicarbonate.

Chemical Reaction. Union of 2 or more substances to form a unique substance that is physically and chemically different from the substances that formed them. Sugar formed from hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. Covalent bond: Strong chemical bonds made by atoms sharing electrons. H2O Ionic bond: Bond between negatively and positively charged ions. Can be dissociated in water. A weak bond. Electrolytes. NACL Polar Bond: Attraction between the slightly positive and negative poles of water molecules. A very weak bond. Free Radicals: A substance that is in need of electrons. Highly reactive and sets up chain reaction. Peroxides often become free radicals. A, C, E, and Selenium can reduce free radicals.

Covalent Bond

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule Slide number: 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17p 18n 11p 12n 11p 12n 17p 18n + (+) (–) NaCl+NaCl

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule Slide number: 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17p 18n 11p 12n NaCl+

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule Slide number: 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17p 18n 11p 12n NaCl+

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule Slide number: 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17p 18n 11p 12n NaCl+

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule Slide number: 5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17p 18n 11p 12n NaCl+

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule Slide number: 6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 17p 18n 11p 12n NaCl+ (+)(–)

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule Slide number: 7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. NaCl 11p 12n (+) 17p 18n (–)

How Free Radicals are Formed Molecules (and atoms) are stable when they have a totally full or totally empty outer shell. Molecules (and atoms) are stable when they have a totally full or totally empty outer shell. If a chemical bond breaks and leaves 1 unpaired electron, it becomes a free radical. If a chemical bond breaks and leaves 1 unpaired electron, it becomes a free radical. The free radical will “seek out” another electron to fill the outer shell. In doing so, it starts a chain reaction that creates other free radicals The free radical will “seek out” another electron to fill the outer shell. In doing so, it starts a chain reaction that creates other free radicals Antioxidants (such as C, E and MG) donate an electron to reduce the free radical and stop the chain reaction. Antioxidants (such as C, E and MG) donate an electron to reduce the free radical and stop the chain reaction.

Chemical reactions Endergonic: Uphill reactions. The end product has more energy than the reactants. EX: Endergonic: Uphill reactions. The end product has more energy than the reactants. EX: Plants making glucose Plants making glucose

Chemical Reactions Exergonic: Down hill reactions. Reactants have more enerby than the products. Exergonic: Down hill reactions. Reactants have more enerby than the products. Ex: Breakdown of food in our bodies. Ex: Breakdown of food in our bodies.

Enzymes. Enzymes are substances (special proteins) that speed up chemical reactions. The build substances and they break them down, but the enzyme never changes. Enzymes are substances (special proteins) that speed up chemical reactions. The build substances and they break them down, but the enzyme never changes.

Enzyme Products D C B A H2OH2O Starting materials Sites of chemical activity Glucose Fructose Sucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme Starting materials Sites of chemical activity Sucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme A Starting materials Sites of chemical activity Sucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme Products C B A H2OH2O Starting materials Sites of chemical activity Glucose Fructose Sucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme Products D C B A H2OH2O Starting materials Sites of chemical activity Glucose Fructose Sucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme Products D C B A H2OH2O Starting materials Sites of chemical activity Glucose Fructose Sucrose (table sugar) molecule