“The Great War for Empire” The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763) “The Great War for Empire”

Was 1763 a "turning point" in British-colonial relationships???

North America in 1750

French and British Land Claims Lasalle claimed M. River, 1718 – Established New Orleans British: Royal charters gave land to British crown

Clash of Cultures Altered Native American life, bc busy trading with the Europeans Disruption of Relations among N.A. nations – Europeans pitted tribes against each other Conflict over land

Other wars Native American wars in New England area since early 17th c. (See notes) 4 Colonial wars between France & England King William’s Queen Anne’s King George’s French and Indian War (7 year’s War)

Sides French and Native Americans vs. English and Native Americans Algonquins, Delaware, Huron, Ottowa, Shawnee, Lenapa vs. English and Native Americans Iroquois League

Causes of the War Land Disputes Religious Ideology - Protestant v. Catholic 3. Native Americans - wanted Europeans to stop coming on their land

1754  Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA Plan for defense and recruit Iroquois as allies Albany Congress  failed due to fact that Parliament and colonial legislatures were afraid of losing power

Fort Duquense VA land speculators had bought land in the Ohio Valley in 1749 Built a fort there to protect their investment French drove them off the land and finished building the fort Named it Fort Duquesne Forks of the Ohio, Monongahela, and Allegheny River http://www.wqed.org/tv/specials/the-war-that-made-america/downloads/m317d1.jpg

Introducing November 1753 Governor Robert Dinwiddie (VA) Major George Washington Sent to the upper Ohio Valley to warn the French to leave Washington returns with report French are well established and intend to expand their control

1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French Jumonville Glen Fort Necessity

At the beginning… 1st phase – 1754-1756 primarily a North American conflict that English colonists managed on their own with little assistance from Britain 1755 – Britain sends General Edward Braddock Harsh leader, condescending towards colonial militias Utilizes traditional European fighting, not prepared for colonial fighting Fails miserably to take the crucial site at the forks of the Ohio River where Washington had lost Fort necessity Early phase of war – French definitely had the advantage French took British Fort Oswego in 1756 – more Native Americans allied with French Then French took Fort William Henry - 1757

1756  International Conflict - 2nd Phase begins! Lord Loudoun Marquis de Montcalm Native American tribes exploited both sides!

British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials British Methods of Fighting: Indian-style guerilla tactics. March in formation or bayonet charge. Military Organization: Col. militias served under own captains. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Military Discipline: No mil. deference or protocols observed. Drills & tough discipline. Finances: Resistance to rising taxes. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: Casual, non-professionals. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister He understood colonial concerns. He improved war efforts in America: - Sent Troops - Sent money RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by 1758.

3rd Phase begins - 1758-1761  The Tide Turns * By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

3rd Phase – Tide Turns for England By mid 1758 – British regulars and colonial militias were seizing one French stronghold after another July 1758 - British took Ft. Duquesne without a fight – renamed it Ft Pitt Battle of Louisburg – Gen. Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe captured the French fortress Battle of Ticonderoga, Niagara – British victory

Siege of Quebec Lynch pin of French Control in America General James Wolfe – British Ordered his troops up a narrow undefended path (hidden ravine) just outside Quebec General Louis Montcalm Awoke to see @4000 British troops surrounding the city - City eventually fell, Sept. 13, 1759, after only 30 minutes of fighting One year later – French formally surrendered to Amherst at Montreal!

1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, some of her West Indian islands, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi R. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, Cuba, but lost Florida to England. England --> all land east of M. River, Florida, got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

North America in 1763

Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier 1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA) BACKLASH! British  Proclamation Line of 1763. Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)

Rethinking Their Empire Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling: 1761  writs of assistance James Otis’ case Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute. He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equal weight.

George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 3. Quartering Act - 1765 4. Stamp Act - 1765

Theories of Representation Real Whigs Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q-> How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body??

Stamp Act Crisis Loyal Nine - 1765 Sons of Liberty – began in NYC: Samuel Adams Stamp Act Congress – 1765 * Stamp Act Resolves Declaratory Act – 1766

Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770 1767  William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries. He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston.

Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties 1. John Dickinson  1768 * Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. 2. 1768  2nd non-importation movement: * “Daughters of Liberty” * spinning bees 3. Riots against customs agents: * John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty. * 4000 British troops sent to Boston.

many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation For the first time, many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation movement, "patriots!"