CLAUSES CLAUSES

The Clause  A group of words that contains a verb and its subject and is used as part of a sentence.  A clause has a subject and verb. Not every sentence expresses a complete thought.

TYPES OF CLAUSES Independent: Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone in a sentence. Also called a main clause Mrs. Knox nodded her head. Subordinate: Does not express a complete thought and can’t stand alone in a sentence. Also called a dependent clause When Jackie answered the question

TYPES OF CLAUSES The thought expressed by a subordinate clause becomes complete when it is combined with an independent clause. independent Clause Subordinate clause independent Clause Subordinate clause Mrs. Knox nodded her head When Jackie answered the question Mrs. Knox nodded her head when Jackie answered the question. Mrs. Knox nodded her head when Jackie answered the question.

Types of Subordinate Clauses Adjective Clause Noun Clause Adverb Clause

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Helpful Hints:  Subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun  Always follows the word it modifies ( N / Pro )  Can remove the Adjective Clause  Similar to a Participle Phrase

Adjective Clauses  Begins with a relative pronoun or a relative adverb that which who whom whose when where

Adjective Clauses He invented a vaccine that cured many people. The team, which finished undefeated, won in the playoffs The team, which finished undefeated, won in the playoffs We went to the restaurant where I ate five hamburgers. We went to the restaurant where I ate five hamburgers. He told me about the time when you went to Europe. He told me about the time when you went to Europe.

Adjective Clauses Jenna wrote a book that was a best seller. The man who works at the store is my uncle. That is the lake where we spent the week. The movie, which won an Oscar, is very sad.

Noun Clauses Helpful Hints:  Subordinate clause used as a noun  Never follows a noun or pronoun  Can not remove the noun clause  Can be used as: SUB DO IO PN OP SUB DO IO PN OP

Noun Clauses Usually introduced by: what whatever whichever whoever whomever that which who whom whose how whether when where why

Noun Clauses Whatever you decide will be best. The hotel was where the family slept. Coach knew that the girls had done their best. Give whoever wants one an ice cream cone. The prize will be given to whoever deserves it the most.

Noun Clauses I knew that Kelsey had tried her best. The shop was where the students met. Hugh’s reason for being late was that he had overslept. I was upset by what he had told me. Whoever wrote the poem is a genius. Whoever wrote the poem is a genius.

Adjective or Noun Clause? Many of the students who played the game scored goals. Whoever scores the most points wins the game. The system that we are accustomed to is much different. Ian will take whichever CD Adam discards. Kim was whom Sarah wanted to play the part. An apple is a fruit which is good for you.

Adjective or Noun Clause? I read the report that you wrote. The book, which I read last week, is great. That John is tall and athletic is an under- statement. Do you know who went to the store?

Adverb Clause Helpful Hints:  Subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb  Tells: how, when, where, why, twe, uwc  Can remove the adverb clause  Usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction (see chart in notes)

Adverb Clause after as long as because* provided that throughwhenever although* as soon as beforesinceunless*where as as though if* so that untilwherever as if as well as in order that thanwhenwhile*

Adverb Clause Helpful Hints:  If Adverb clause is at the beginning of a sentence, it is off-set with a comma While driving to the museum, Laura ate her lunch.  The adverb clause is not off-set with a comma if it is at the end of the sentence. Laura ate her lunch while driving to the museum.

Adverb Clauses After Deb played cards, she went to bed. While most students study, some do not. When we visit Steve, we eat a lot. Go ask Mr. Droz since he knows best. Before she goes to bed, Andie reads. We saw the driver as the car drove by.

Adverb Clauses Because Joe did not study, he did poorly on the test. Joe did poorly on the test because he did not study After the game Melissa went to sleep. After she went to the game, Melissa went to sleep. While writing a love poem, Matt fell asleep.

Adverb Clause or Prep Phrase? Madeline drove home after the game. Mary drove home after the game had ended. Since he knows best, go ask Droz. I have not seen Droz since yesterday. Before the end of the game, Emily will have read The Scarlet Letter. Before the game is over, Tori will have eaten a salad.

Adverb Clauses The Elliptical Clause  Part of the clause is left out  Most elliptical clauses are adv clauses  Most begin with than or as Jon likes Hailey more than Kate. Chris likes Susan as much as Katelyn.

Elliptical Clauses Julie can spell better than (me, I). I like cookies as much as ice cream. Brianna sleeps as much as (her, she). Bill can explain the answer better than (I, me). Sue needs more time than Jennifer. ______ Chris is more highly regarded than (she, her).

Clause ReView Name two types of clauses. On which one will we be focusing?Name two types of clauses. On which one will we be focusing? Name the three types of subordinate clauses.Name the three types of subordinate clauses. Detail information concerning each type of clause.Detail information concerning each type of clause. What is an elliptical clause?What is an elliptical clause?

Stop Go to Sentence Classification Slides

The Process of Compounding The process of compounding sentences deals with using proper punctuation when two independent clauses are present in a sentence. Must be able to differentiate between Must be able to differentiate between an independent clause and a subordinate clause.

Carmen went home ______ He fell asleep. Carmen went home ______ He fell asleep. ______ ______

Compounding Sentences  If two or more independent clauses are present they need to be: Connected with a comma and coordinating conjunction. Connected with a comma and coordinating conjunction.F.A.N.B.O.Y.S

Compounding Sentences Kerri’s math book was open but she was thinking about Ethan Frome. Kerri had her math book open but was thinking about Ethan Frome.

Compounding Sentences  Connected with a semi-colon and conjunctive adverb or a semi-colon and transitional expression. also, anyway, besides, consequently, furthermore, however, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, still, then, therefore Conjunctive Adverbs- also, anyway, besides, consequently, furthermore, however, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, still, then, therefore as a result, at any rate, by the way, for example, in addition, in fact, in other words, on the contrary, on the other hand Transitional Expressions- as a result, at any rate, by the way, for example, in addition, in fact, in other words, on the contrary, on the other hand

Compounding Sentences  Mr. Longo is a good teacher however Mrs. Foltz is better.  Students must obey class rules otherwise chaos would ensue.  Mr. Ricci teaches English in fact he’s been at Garnet Valley for 28 years.

Compounding Sentences  Connected with a semi-colon. I wrote a very angry letter I decided not to mail it. I wrote a very angry letter I decided not to mail it. Railroads are near the center of towns airports are miles away. Railroads are near the center of towns airports are miles away. Mr. Ricci teaches English he’s been at Garnet Valley for 28 years. Mr. Ricci teaches English he’s been at Garnet Valley for 28 years.

Compounding Sentences  Separated by a period. I wrote a very angry letter I decided not to mail it. I wrote a very angry letter I decided not to mail it. Railroads are near the center of towns airports are miles away. Railroads are near the center of towns airports are miles away. Mr. Ricci teaches English he’s been at Garnet Valley for 21 years. Mr. Ricci teaches English he’s been at Garnet Valley for 21 years.

Compounding Sentences Nick had his book open but was thinking about other things Nick’s book was open but he was thinking about other things. Alex danced at the show ____ She won 1 st prize. Gavin caught the football ____He was out of bounds.

Sentence Fragments and Run-On s  Run-On- Two or more sentences incorrectly written as one  Fused- No punctuation between two thoughts Sal has a truck he loves to drive.  Comma-Splice- Has a comma instead of a period Sal has a truck, he loves to drive.

Sentence Fragments and Run-On s Andrew loves ice hockey he never wants to study.

Compounding Sentences (extras) John’s book was open but he was thinking of other things. John’s book was open but he was thinking of other things. John had his book open but was thinking about other things. John had his book open but was thinking about other things. I can’t study with the radio on and Erica can’t study with it off I can’t study with the radio on and Erica can’t study with it off I can’t study with the radio on however, Erica can’t study with it off. I can’t study with the radio on however, Erica can’t study with it off.

Compounding Sentences (extras) Railroad stations are near the center of town airports are miles away. Railroad stations are near the center of town airports are miles away. The boys marked off the bases and they began to play baseball. The boys marked off the bases and they began to play baseball. The boys marked off the bases and began to play baseball. The boys marked off the bases and began to play baseball.

Compounding Sentences (extras) A business can’t stand still it either moves forward or slips back. A business can’t stand still it either moves forward or slips back. I wrote an angry letter then I decided not to mail it. I wrote an angry letter then I decided not to mail it. The train was an hour late otherwise we would have missed it. The train was an hour late otherwise we would have missed it. The children had been eating sweets therefore, they had no appetite. The children had been eating sweets therefore, they had no appetite.

Sentence, Run-On, Fragment