Heterotroph Nutrition All the activities by which an organism obtains and uses food from the environment for growth and repair of cells Ingestion Digestion Egestion

Ingestion: Pinocytosis/phagocytosis Digestion: Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole Egestion: Exocytosis

Ingestion: Cilia beat food into oral groove gullet forms food vacuole Digestion:Lysosome enzymes in food vacuole Egestion: Waste out anal pore

Nutrients The substances in food that an organism needs and uses for its life functions

Function of Nutrients 1.They act as a fuel to provide energy for the life activities of cells 2.They supply chemicals needed for growth and repair of cells 3.They regulate the metabolic processes needed for the proper functioning of the cell

Nutritional requirements vary with individuals: age sex height weight activities

Recommended Daily Calories For Men Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity : 5' ,548 5' ,596 5' ,644 5' ,692 5' ,740 5' ,788 5' ,836 5' ,884 6' ,932 6' ,980 6' ,028 6' ,076 6' ,124 6' ,172 6' ,220

Recommended Daily Calories For Women Middle Age Group With Moderate Activity : 4' ,100 5' ,133 5' ,177 5' ,210 5' ,254 5' ,287 5' ,331 5' ,364 5' ,408 5' ,441 5' ,485 5' ,518 5' ,518 5' ,562 6' ,595 6' ,639 6' ,672

Fast Food Nutritional Info Whopper w.Cheese 760 CAL. Vanilla Shake – small 360 CAL Super Size Fries 540 CAL Diet Coke 0 CAL Supposed to be: 1660 CAL

Fast Food Nutritional Info Regular Slice Cheese Pizza 380 Cal Regular Slice Sausage Pizza 495 Cal Regular Slice Pepperoni Pizza 427 CAL Supposed to be: 1302 CAL

Alimentary Canal: Tube with in a tube body construction (Extra-cellular Digestion) Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus Accessory Organs Salivary Glands Pancreas Liver

Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus Salivary Glands Liver Gall Bladder Pancreas Appendix Teeth/Tongue Colon

Mouth & Pharynx: Mechanical Digestion: - breaks foods into smaller pieces - increases surface area - chewing, grinding, crushing (tongue) Chemical Digestion: - salivary glands release amylase (starch  maltose) (works best at pH 8) Note: Epiglottis covers opening of trachea

Which type of digestion is the following? 1.Chewing a saltine? - 2. Saliva breaking the saltine down into molecules of glucose? - 3. Your tongue breaking pieces of a hamburger apart? 4. Pepsin (an enzyme) in your stomach breaking the hamburger into amino acids?

Esophagus: - connects pharynx to stomach - peristalsis(wave of muscular contractions of alimentary canal)

Stomach: (holds 2 liters of food) Mechanical Digestion – churning of stomach Chemical Digestion – 2 glands  Pyloric Gland  secretes mucus  protects stomach from being digested  Gastric Gland  secretes acidic gastric juices (pH 2)  contains HCl  contains enzyme pepsin (proteins  smaller polypeptides)

What stimulates gastric juice flow? 1) thought,smell,sight,and taste 2) food entering the stomach 3) food touching stomach lining  liquids pass through stomach in 20 minutes  solids pass through in 2-6 hours  Hunger pains are churning of empty stomach  Ulcer caused by excess gastric juice digesting part of stomach wall/ Heliobacter pylori

Gastric Bypass Surgery

Small Intestine: - Length = 6.5 meters - Diameter = 2.5 cm - pH 8 Functions:  Chemical Digestion (most)  Absorption of Nutrients Peristalsis:  moves food through intestine  mixes food with enzymes  mechanical digestion  speeds up absorption

Food mixes with: Bile from liver Pancreatic juices from pancreas Intestinal juices from intestinal glands Bile: - produced by liver - stored in gallbadder - released into upper small intestine Function:  Emulsification of fats (break into droplets)  Neutralizes acidic contents from stomach

Absorption: Circulatory System absorbs: simple sugars (glucose) amino acids vitamins minerals Lymphatic System absorbs: glycerol fatty acids (CAPILLARIES) (LACTEALS)Capillary Lacteal

Adaptations that increase surface area:  Length (6.5 meters or 21 feet)  Lining has folds  Villi (finger-like projections on folded lining)  Microvilli (brush borders on villi) Absorption involves diffusion and active transport

Large Intestine:Colon Length = 1.5 meters Diameter = 6 cm No digestion occurs here Function: Absorption of water - Diarrhea (too little absorption) - Constipation (too much absorption) Bacteria produce vitamin K and various vitamin B Note: Appendix is attached between small and large intestine (vestigial organ)

the quest for Polyps Colonoscopy:

Large Intestine ( Colon Polyps_) Polyps are small growths on the inner colon lining that look like warts.

Removal Colon Polyps_)

Rectum: temporary storage of feces (stool) feces is primarily undigested material Anus: (anal sphincter) releases waste into environment (egestion/defecate)

End Products of Digestion (Hydrolysis) Proteins  amino acids Carbohydrates  glucose Lipids  fatty acids + glycerol

Disorders of the Digestive Tract

Heartburn ACID from the stomach backs up into the esophagus.

Constipation To much water is absorbed by/in the large intestine. Also can exist due to lack of roughage.

Diarrhea Decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of large intestine. Results in an increased, multiple, watery feces.

Gallstones An accumulation of hardened cholesterol deposits in the gall bladder. Can either be “passed” (OUCH!!) or surgically removed