Periodic Trends OBJECTIVES: Interpret periodic trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization energies, and electronegativities.

Trends in Atomic Size First problem: Where do you start measuring from? The electron cloud doesn’t have a definite edge. We get around this by measuring more than 1 atom at a time.

Atomic Size } Radius Atomic Radius = half the distance between two nuclei of a diatomic molecule. Diatomic means “two atoms” or a two atom molecule

Trends in Atomic Size Influenced by three factors: 1. Energy Level Higher energy level is further away. 2. Charge on Nucleus More charge pulls electrons in closer. 3. Shielding Effect Electrons between nucleus and valance electrons

Group Trends As we go down a group... H As we go down a group... each atom adds another energy level, so the atoms get bigger. Li Na K Rb

Periodic Trends As you go across a period, the radius gets smaller. Electrons are in same energy level. More nuclear charge. Outermost electrons are closer. Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Atomic Radius Trends

Atomic radii 76

Rb K Overall Na Li Atomic Radius (nm) Kr Ar Ne H 10 Atomic Number

Periodic Trend in Atomic Radius 77

Ion Formation An atom can easily lose or gain electrons. The resulting ion is an atom that has an imbalance of charge or carries either a positive charge (a loss of electrons) or a negative charge (a gain of electrons). A positive ion is called a cation. A negative ion is called an anion.

Trends in Ionization Energy The amount of energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom. Removing one electron makes a 1+ ion. The energy required to remove the first electron is called the first ionization energy.

Ionization Energy The second ionization energy is the energy required to remove the second electron. Always greater than first IE. The third IE is the energy required to remove a third electron. Greater than 1st or 2nd IE.

Symbol First Second Third HHeLiBeBCNO F Ne 1312 2731 520 900 800 1086 1402 1314 1681 2080 5247 7297 1757 2430 2352 2857 3391 3375 3963 11810 14840 3569 4619 4577 5301 6045 6276

Symbol First Second Third 11810 14840 3569 4619 4577 5301 6045 6276 HHeLiBeBCNO F Ne 1312 2731 520 900 800 1086 1402 1314 1681 2080 5247 7297 1757 2430 2352 2857 3391 3375 3963

Ionization Energy How many valance electrons does Magnesium have? How many is it willing to give up? 85

First Ionization Energy 86

Second Ionization Energy 87

Third ionization Energy Mg3+ 1s22s22p5 87

What Determines IE The greater the nuclear charge, the greater IE. Greater distance from nucleus decreases IE Filled and half-filled sublevel have lower energy, so achieving them is easier, lower IE. Shielding effect on valence electrons

Shielding The electron on the outermost energy level (valence electron) has to look through all the other inner electrons to see the nucleus. Shielding electrons hinder the nucleus form holding on to the valence electrons

Group Trends As you go down a group, first IE decreases because... the valence electron is further away and there is more shielding.

Periodic Trends As you go across a period, All the atoms in the same period have the same highest energy level. They have similar shielding. But, increasing nuclear charge reduces atomic radius (bringing valence closer) so IE generally increases from left to right. Exceptions are at full and 1/2 full sublevels.

He has a greater IE than H. same shielding greater nuclear charge First Ionization energy Atomic number

outweighs greater nuclear charge He Li has lower IE than H more shielding further away outweighs greater nuclear charge H First Ionization energy Li Atomic number

greater nuclear charge He Be has higher IE than Li same shielding greater nuclear charge First Ionization energy H Be Li Atomic number

greater nuclear charge He B has lower IE than Be same shielding greater nuclear charge By removing an electron we leave the s orbital full First Ionization energy H Be B Li Atomic number

First Ionization energy He First Ionization energy H C Be B Li Atomic number

First Ionization energy He N First Ionization energy H C Be B Li Atomic number

First Ionization energy He N Breaks the pattern, because removing an electron leaves 1/2 filled p orbital First Ionization energy H C O Be B Li Atomic number

First Ionization energy He F N First Ionization energy H C O Be B Li Atomic number

First Ionization energy He Ne F N Ne has a lower IE than He Both are full, Ne has more shielding Greater distance First Ionization energy H C O Be B Li Atomic number

Na has a lower IE than Li Both are s1 Na has more shielding He Ne Na has a lower IE than Li Both are s1 Na has more shielding Greater distance F N First Ionization energy H C O Be B Li Na Atomic number

First Ionization energy Atomic number

Driving Force Full Energy Levels require lots of energy to remove their electrons. Noble Gases have full energy level. Atoms behave in ways to achieve noble gas configuration.

Periodic trend in first Ionization Energy 88

2nd Ionization Energy For elements that reach a filled or half-filled orbital by removing 2 electrons, 2nd IE is lower than expected. True for s2 Alkaline earth metals form 2+ ions.

3rd Ionization Energy Using the same logic s2p1 atoms have an low 3rd IE. Atoms in the aluminum family form 3+ ions. 2nd IE and 3rd IE are always higher than 1st IE!!!

Trends in Electron Affinity The atoms ability to acquire an additional electron Cl + 1e- Cl1- The energy change associated with adding an electron to a gaseous atom. Easiest to add to group 7A. Gets them to a full energy level. Increase from left to right: atoms become smaller, with greater nuclear charge. Decrease as we go down a group.

Trends in Ionic Size Cations form by losing electrons. Cations are smaller than the atom they come from. Metals form cations. Cations of representative elements have noble gas configuration. Na Na+1

Ionic Size Anions form by gaining electrons. Anions are bigger than the atom they come from. Nonmetals form anions. Anions of representative elements have noble gas configuration. Cl Cl-1

Configuration of Ions Ions always have noble gas configuration. Na is: 1s22s22p63s1 Forms a 1+ ion: 1s22s22p6 Same configuration as neon. Metals form ions with the configuration of the noble gas before them - they lose electrons.

Configuration of Ions Non-metals form ions by gaining electrons to achieve noble gas configuration. They end up with the configuration of the noble gas after them.

Ion Orbital Notation 90

Ion Group Trends Li1+ Na1+ K1+ Rb1+ Cs1+ Adding energy level Ions get bigger as you go down. Li1+ Na1+ K1+ Rb1+ Cs1+

Ion Periodic Trends Across the period, nuclear charge increases so they get smaller. Energy level changes between anions and cations. N3- O2- F1- B3+ Li1+ C4+ Be2+

Ionic Radius Trends

Size of Isoelectronic Ions Iso- means the same Iso electronic ions have the same # of electrons Al3+ Mg2+ Na1+ Ne F1- O2- and N3- all have 10 electrons all have the configuration: 1s22s22p6

Size of Isoelectronic Ions Positive ions that have more protons would be smaller. N3- O2- F1- Ne Na1+ Al3+ Mg2+

Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. Concept proposed by Linus Pauling 1901-1994

Electronegativity The ability of an atom that is bonded to another atom or atoms to attract electrons to itself. It is related to ionization energy and electron affinity. It cannot be directly measured. The values are unitless since they are relative to each other. The values vary slightly from compound to compound but still provide useful qualitative predictions.

Electronegativity The tendency for an atom to attract electrons to itself when it is chemically combined with another element. How fair is the sharing? Large electronegativity means the atom pulls the electrons toward it. Atoms with large electron affinity have larger electronegativity.

Group Trend The further down a group, the farther the valence electrons are away from the nucleus and the more electrons an atom has shielding. The larger the atom, the more willing it is to share electrons. Low electronegativity.

Electronegativities Electronegativity is a periodic property. Atomic number

Periodic Trend Metals are at the left of the table. They let their electrons go easily Low electronegativity At the right end are the nonmetals. They want more electrons. Try to take them away from others High electronegativity.

Electronegativity Relative ability of atoms to attract electrons of bond. At 1.9 I 2.2 Br 2.7 Cl 2.8 Po 1.8 Te 2.0 Se 2.5 S 2.4 Bi 1.7 Sb As P 2.1 Pb 1.5 Sn Ge Si F 4.1 O 3.5 N 3.1 Tl 1.4 Na 1.0 Cs 0.9 Rb K Ba Mg 1.2 Sr Ca In Ga Al H Li Be B C

Electronegativity

Ionization Energy, Electronegativity, and Electron Affinity INCREASE

Atomic Size Increases Ionic size increases