Issue 3 – Scottish Economy Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration Land issue in Highlands and Island

Scotland’s economy is built upon: DURING WWI DEMAND INCREASES

ECONOMY OVERVIEW Staple industries facing ___________ __________ unemployment Wartime boost to agriculture/industry No _____________ Pre-war ________ forgotten Post-war decline ________ orders Loss of _______

Map of Scotland during WWI Mark on your map: – Aberdeen – Dundee – Edinburgh – Glasgow – Gretna – Eyemouth GRETNA EYEMOUTH

Using chapter 4 – p81-86 Use the following key to map the locations of Scotland’s main industries FISHING MUNITIONS SHIP BUILDING JUTE FARMING COAL IRON AND STEEL

Scottish economy BEFORE WWI DURING WWI AFTER WWI FISHING SHIPBUIILDING JUTE FARMING COAL/IRON & STEEL (p5-6)

Read the following extract from Clive Lee, Professor of Economic History at Aberdeen University “Modern war involves the harnessing of economic power to sustain military effort. The first involves the production of the means of waging war such as armaments, munitions, warships, tanks, and even uniforms. The second involves the support of the main war effort, especially through transport networks and the provision of essential supplies of food. This need extends… to the domestic population…..whose labour provides the equipment essential for that effort. Thus Scotland played a major role in the productive underpinning of the British effort in the Great War.” C..H.Lee

Farming and food - where did Scotland’s food come from before WWI?

Issue 3 – Scottish Economy Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration Land issue in Highlands and Island

Rationing (p87) 1. Why was the voluntary rationing campaign by the government not very successful? 2. To what extent does the comment from Lloyd George quoted on page 87 disagree with the message given in Source 4.7 on page 87? 3. Why and when was rationing introduced in Britain? (p88) 4. What were the 3 aims of rationing? FarmingWages Sheep/ wool Oats Prices

Issue 3 – Scottish Economy Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration Land issue in Highlands and Island

Overview Changing industrial world- Heavy industry out, light industry in – can Scotland keep up? War production diluted to maximise efficiency results in job losses and liquidation Trade Unions organised strikes – January 1919 over working hours and job security

CAUSEEFFECT Between 1921 and 1923 the tonnage of shipping built on the Clyde went down from 510,000 to 170,000. Shipyard jobs losses. Strike action in Nationalised coal mines given back to owners Lack of investment in mines, overseas coal orders decline Admiralty end their cost-plus systemShip orders decline Job losses in Yarrow’s and Beardmore shipyards Demands to reduce the working-week: the Amalgamated Society of Engineers wanted a 47-hour week. In Scotland, a 40-hour week demanded to help unemployment Initial orders in immediate post-war period to replace destroyed passenger and merchant vessels False economy created Trade restrictions in textiles to countries overseas ended Calcutta overtook Dundee’s hold on the Jute market Less people working in farmingCheap foreign imports of food – canned fruit from NZ, beef from Argentina reduce the demand for Scottish farming Strikes in shipbuilding yardsEffects reputation of Clydeside as orders are late

Issue 3 – Scottish Economy Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration Land issue in Highlands and Island

Scottish emigration people It’s often said that Scotland’s greatest export has been her people. ‘The Scots are a notoriously migratory people’ G. Bisset-Smith , 550,000 Scots left which was 1/5 of the population In one week in April, Hebrideans embarked on two Canadian Pacific liners at Lochboisdale and Stornoway! POPULATION: million4.84million

" Letter From America" When you go will you send back A letter from America? Take a look up the railtrack From Miami to Canada Broke off from my work the other day I spent the evening thinking about All the blood that flowed away Across the ocean to the second chance I wonder how it got on when it reached the promised land? When you go will you send back A letter from America? Take a look up the railtrack From Miami to Canada I've looked at the ocean Tried hard to imagine The way you felt the day you sailed From Wester Ross to Nova Scotia We should have held you We should have told you But you know our sense of timing We always wait too long When you go will you send back A letter from America? Take a look up the railtrack From Miami to Canada Lochaber no more Sutherland no more Lewis no more Skye no more [3x] I wonder my blood Will you ever return To help us kick the life back To a dying mutual friend Do we not love her? I think we all claim we love her Do we have to roam the world To prove how much it hurts? When you go will you send back A letter from America? Take a look up the railtrack From Miami to Canada Bathgate no more Linwood no more Methil no more Irvine no more. [3x] Bathgate no more Linwood no more Methil no more Lochaber no more.

Why do you think women were in such high demand?

Empire Settlement Act 1922 The Empire had been weakened by WWI therefore emigration was viewed as a way to strengthen it. The government gave £3million to assist emigration schemes around the country for 15 years. They worked in coalition with the governments of the dominions

Come to Canada! 1921, the Overseas Settlement Committee was established to help people emigrate. Ex- servicemen and women were guaranteed free passage until ,000 emigrated via this scheme, of which many were Scottish. After the quota acts of the 1920’s in America, Scots were increasingly turning to Canada for land and employment.

Emigration schemes 3,000 Families Scheme - Canada aimed to attract 3,000 families from Britain with assisted passage and the promise of land and a loan of up to £300 for farming equipment/livestock British Colombia ran a fisheries scheme to specifically attract Highland fishermen in the Hebrides. Canadian Pacific Railway Company and the Hudson Bay Company also led recruitment drives for emigration.

Emigration agents Canadian government emigration offices were present in Aberdeen, Inverness and Glasgow. Australian and New Zealand government had labour exchanges in Aberdeen and Edinburgh. Hundreds of professional and government agents were paid to recruit Scots into free or assisted passage schemes. Many agents were former emigrants. Lecture tours were common, such as this one

Charitable emigration schemes Salvation Army – helped 250,000 single women, unemployed men and juveniles with assisted passages and employment advice by Quarrier’s Orphan Homes of Scotland – controversially, sent 7,000 orphaned children to Ontario between 1870 and 1932.

Reasons for Emigration Using p93-95, make a list of reasons why Scots left Scotland. Now decide, which ones are push factors and which are pull factors? DfQ – Why leave? DfQ epw epw

Issue 3 – Scottish Economy Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration Land issue in Highlands and Island

Land Issue in the Highlands What were land raids? What caused them? In what ways were the government to blame? How was it resolved?

“In 1919, Scotland was a vulnerable economy with many inherent weaknesses, as evidenced by widespread poverty, outdated technology and a limited capability to succeed in international competition.” Clive H. Lee