HUMAN ANATOMY LECTURE ONE BODY OVERVIEW

ANATOMY TOPICS Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope - Regional: studied by area - Systemic: studied by system - Surface: external form and relation to deeper structures – use of anatomical imaging - Developmental: changes from conception to maturity Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope - Cytology: cellular anatomy - Histology: study of tissues

Anatomical Imaging Techniques Radiography - shadowy negative images of internal body structures

Computed Tomography (CT Scan) - computer- analyzed composite of radiograph: shows slices of the body Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) - 3-D version of CT using multiple slices

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) – comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

Ultrasound (US) – computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

Positive Emission Tomography (PET) – uses radioactively-labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.

PHYSIOLOGY TOPICS Study of processes and functions of living things 1. Understanding and predicting the body’s responses to stimuli 2. Understanding how the body maintain conditions within a changing environment Divided into: - Human Physiology: entire person - Cellular Physiology: cellular processes - Systemic Physiology: processes of an entire body system

AREAS ENCOMPASSING ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

STRUCTURAL AND FUNTIONAL HEIRARCHY Chemical: interactions of atoms Organelle: performs functions within the cell Cell: functional unit of life Tissue: groups of cells with similar structure and function, also surrounding extracellular material Organs: two or more tissues performing common functions Organ System: groups of organs acting together

ORGAN SYSTEMS

MAPPING THE BODY Anatomical Positions Facing you (palms up, flat feet) superior vs inferior anterior vs posterior ventral vs dorsal medial vs lateral proximal vs distal superficial vs deep tissue partiel vs visceral

Anatomical Planes Imaginary lines drawn through the body Transverse/cross section – separates top and bottom halves Frontal/coronal section – separates front and back Sagittal section – separates left and right Midsagittal section - directly through middle of body Medial Section - separating an organ in half

Body Quadrants

Body Cavities

Serous Membranes - line trunk cavities and cover organs within these cavities thin, double layer of epithelial and connective tissue allows organs to expand and move without friction/damage composed of visceral and parietal serosa in continuous sheet Visceral Serosa - serous membrane covering organ Parietal Serosa – serous membrane attached to cavity wall Serous Cavity – fluid filled space in between membranes

Named according to their location: Pleura Visceral Pleura – lung Parietal Pleura – pleural cavity wall Pleural Cavity – pleural fluid Pericardium Visceral Pericardium - heart Parietal Pericardium – pericardial cavity Pericardial Cavity – pericardial fluid

Peritoneal Visceral Peritoneum - organs of abdominopelvic region Parietal Peritoneum – wall of abdominopelvic cavity * referred to as MESENTARY * organs lying between abdominal wall and parietal membrane are called RETROPERITONEAL (kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas)