Anatomical/ Directional Terms proximal distal lateral medial superior (cranial) inferior (caudal) anterior (ventral) NOT SHOWN posterior (dorsal) Distal - further from trunk Proximal - closer to trunk Lateral - away from midline Medial - closer to midline Anterior - front side (aka ventral) Posterior - back side (aka dorsal) Superior - closer to head (aka cranial) Inferior - further from head (aka caudal) Superficial - closer to surface Deep - further from surface Plantar - bottom of foot Dorsal - top of foot

PLANES PLANE -- a two-dimensional surface defined by 3 points not on the same line (i.e. not colinear) pt 2 pt 1 pt 3 PLANE MOTION OCCURS “IN A PLANE”

Leg Swing during gait (walking/running) Plane Even though leg has considerable thickness - only consider the joint centers and the lines connecting them; so “thin” segments define the leg which swings “IN THE PLANE”

AXES AXIS -- a line passing AXIS perpendicularly through a plane PLANE MOTION OCCURS “ABOUT AN AXIS”

Leg Swing during gait (walking/running) AXIS AXIS PASSES THROUGH JOINT CENTER

Motion occurs “IN A PLANE” AXIS PLANE Motion occurs “ABOUT AN AXIS”

Body Planes Sagittal -- vertical plane that divides the body into RIGHT and LEFT parts Frontal -- vertical plane that divides the body into ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR parts Transverse -- horizontal planes that divides the body into TOP and BOTTOM parts Transverse Plane Sagittal Plane Frontal

Cardinal or “Mid” Planes DEFINITION -- if a plane passes through the body such that it divides it into equal mass halves INTERSECTION -- the point at which the mid-sagittal, mid-frontal, and mid-transverse planes intersect is the CENTER OF MASS MID-SAGGITAL PLANE SAGITTAL

Body Planes & Axes Sagittal Plane = Medial-Lateral Axis (ML) Frontal Plane = Anterior-Posterior Axis (AP) Transverse Plane = Longitudinal Axis

Sagittal Plane Movements

Sagittal Plane Joint Mvmts flexion = decrease angle between 2 segs extension = increase angle between 2 segs

Sagittal Plane Joint Mvmts dorsiflexion = point toes up (towards shin) plantar flexion = point toes down

Frontal Plane Movements

Frontal Plane Joint Mvmts abduction = move away from midline adduction = move towards midline

Frontal Plane Joint Mvmts elevation = move shoulder girdle superiorly depression = move shoulder girdle inferiorly

Frontal Plane Joint Mvmts inversion = lift medial border of foot eversion = lift lateral border of foot

Frontal Plane Joint Mvmts radial deviation = move toward radial styloid ulnar deviation = move toward ulnar styloid

Frontal Plane Joint Mvmts L/R lateral bending = bend trunk to L/R

Transverse Plane Movements

Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts L/R rotation = anterior surface movement about longitudinal axis medial rotation = anterior surface rotates medially lateral rotation = anterior surface rotates laterally

Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts supination = rotate thumb laterally pronation = rotate thumb medially

Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts horizontal adduction = move towards midline in transverse plane horizontal abduction = move away from midline in transverse plane

Circumduction = Flexion + Abduction + Adduction + Extension