Essentials Of The Human Anatomy By Ph.D.Alsayed Aly Mahran
Anatomy is the study of the structure and function of the body. The three main approaches to studying anatomy are regional, systemic, and clinicalanatomy. Regional anatomy (topographical anatomy); is the method of studying the body by regions, such as the thorax and abdomen. Systemic anatomy ;is the method of studying the body by systems, for example, the circulatory and reproductive systems.
Clinical anatomy ;is the study of the structure and function as they relate to the practice of medicine and other health sciences Anatomical position: All descriptions of the human body are based on the assumption that the person is standing erect, with
Anatomical position: Head, eyes, and nose directed anteriorly (forward) Upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly Lower limbs together with the feet directed anteriorly. This position is called the anatomical position. Anatomical position
Terms Related to Position: Anatomical Planes: Median sagittal plane. Paramedian Planes Coronal plane. Horizontal (transverse) plane. Body planes
Anatomical Planes: Anatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary planes (median sagittal, parasittal coronal, and horizontal) that pass through the body in the anatomical position Median sagittal plane; is a vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body dividing it into right and left halves.
Anatomical Planes (cont.): Paramedian Planes; is a vertical plane situated to one side of the median plane and parallel to it are termed Coronal plane; is a vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Horizontal (transverse) plane; is a planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and coronal planes. A horizontal plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower portions.
Anatomical sections : These sections provide views of the body as if cut or sectioned along particular planes. They include: Longitudinal sections; run lengthwise in the long axis of the body or any of its parts, Transverse sections, or cross sections; run transversely in the body or its parts at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts Oblique sections; run obliquely in the body or any of its parts.( that are not cut along one of the previously mentioned anatomical planes).
Anatomical sections : Longitudinal section Transverse section Oblique section Anatomical sections (of lower limb).
Medial; is a term that is used to indicate that a structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body. Lateral; is a term that is used to indicate that a structure situated farther away from the median plane. Superficial; is a term that is used to indicate that a structure situated nearer to the surface of the body.
Anatomic terms used in relation to position
Terms related to position (cont.): Deep; is a term that is used to indicate that a structure situated farther away from the surface of the body. Posterior; denotes the back surface of the body or nearer to the back Anterior ;denotes the front surface of the body. Superior; refers to a structure that is nearer the vertex, Inferior; refers to a structure that is situated nearer the soles of the feet
Terms related to position (cont.): Proximal; means that the segment of the limbs (upper or lower) is nearer to the trunk. Distal; means that the segment of the limbs (upper or lower) is far from the trunk. Sole; indicates the inferior aspect or bottom of the foot, much of which is in contact with the ground when standing Palm; refers to the flat of the hand
Terms related to position (cont.): Internal and external ;are the terms used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity; for example, the internal carotid artery is found inside the cranial cavity and the external carotid artery is found outside the cranial cavity. Ipsilateral; refers to the same side of the body; for example, the left hand and left foot are ipsilateral,
Terms related to position (cont.): Contralateral; refers to opposite sides of the body; for example, the left biceps brachii muscle and the right rectus femoris muscle are contralateral. Supine position; of the body is lying on the back. prone position; of the body is lying with the face downward
Terms related to movement): Movements take place at joints where two or more bones or cartilages articulate with one another. Flexion; indicates bending of the joint or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts o f the body. Dorsiflexion ; lifting the toes off the ground (e.g., when wakening) Plantarflexion ;,turns the foot or toes toward the plantar surface (e.g., when standing on the ground) Extension; indicates straightening of the joint or increasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body.
Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.
Terms related to movement (cont.): Abduction; of a limb is the movement away from the mid-line of the body in the coronal plane. Adduction; of a limb is the movement toward the body in the coronal plane. Medial rotation; (internal rotation) brings the anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane, whereas lateral rotation; (external rotation) takes the anterior surface away from the median plane. Pronation; is a medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly.
Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.
Terms related to movement (cont.): Supination; is a lateral rotation of the forearm from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to face anteriorly. Circumduction; is the combination in sequence of the movements of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Protraction; is to move forward, while,
Terms related to movement (cont.): Retraction; is to move backward (used to describe the forward and backward movement of the mandible at the temporomandibular joints). Opposition; is the movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit pad. We use this movement to pinch, button a shirt.
Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.
Terms related to movement (cont.): Inversion; is the movement of the foot so that the sole facts in a medial direction. Eversion; is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction Elevation; is the raises or moves a part superiorly, as in deviating the shoulders when shrugging. Depression; is the lowers or moves a part inferiorly, as in depressing the shoulders when standing at case.
Some anatomic terms used in relation to movement.
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