Chapter 1 Intro to A&P
Anatomy (structures) & Physiology (functions of structures) *Structure of a part dictates the function Loss of structure = loss of function Pathophysiology = physiology gone bad Levels of Organization: Atom- Molecule- Cell- Tissue- Organ- Organ System- Organism Organization determines structure > function
Characteristics of Life 1.Metabolism 2.Responsiveness 3.Movement 4.Growth 5.Differentiation 6.Reproduction
Homeostasis- “ Staying the same” protection of our cell by internal environment to keep constant Ex: BP, HR, Respiration, O2/CO2 Control of: -there are constant stressors- heat, cold, O2, blood glucose thermostat in room- in body it is the hypothalamus
Regulation Auto regulation (intrinsic) Automatic response in cell, tissue, or organ Extrinsic Regulation controlled by feedback systems (nervous (short term)/endocrine (long term hormones) 3 main players of Homeostasis: Receptor-receives stimulus Control center- processes signal Effector- carries instructions
Homeostasis continued Feedback system: 1)Negative- reverse original stimulus, return conditions to normal *most all body systems are neg. Examples: a) temperature maintenance in hot July a. Receptor- thermoreceptors in skin b. control center- hypothalamus c. effector- sweat glands *muscle cells in walls of blood vessels relax and dilate > blood flows closer to skin surface to release heat and body sweats b)Dehydration on hot day a. receptor- osmoreceptors in skin b. control center- hypothalamus c. effector- increased secretion of ADH *conserves water in body 2)Positive- enhance the original stimulus (feed forward) ex: uterine contractions & scab formation
Systems work together to maintain homeostasis State of Equilibrium Dynamic Equilibrium- continual adaptation Systems work to restore balance Failure results in disease or death
Homeostatic Imbalances 1) disorder- abnormal function 2) disease- more specific term for illness, set of signs and symptoms 3) local vs. systemic 4) signs- objective changes (measurable) – blood pressure, temp 5) symptoms- subjective changes (feeling)- nausea, pain, fatigue
Organ Systems- Know organs and functions pg 8-9 1)Integumentary 2)Skeletal 3)Muscular 4)Nervous 5)Endocrine 6)Circulatory 7)Respiratory 8)Digestive 9)Urinary 10) Reproductive 11) Lymphatic
Direction Terms- Pg 17 Anatomical Position- face forward, palms forward
Body Sections- pg 18 1)Sagittal- parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body or organ, right and left sides a.Midsagittal- equal parts, through the middle b.Parasagittal- to the right or left, not equal parts 2)Transverse or cross section- right angles to longitudinal axis, divides into inferior and superior parts 3)Coronal or frontal- divides into dorsal and ventral, ant and post. In humans (front and back) 4) Oblique- cut at an angle
Body Cavities and Organs in them (viscera) 1)Axial- head, neck, and trunk a. dorsal 1.cranial- brain 2.vertebral- spinal cord and backbones b.ventral 1. thoracic- lungs and mediastinum (separates right and left), heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus *separation by diaphragm 2. abdominopelvic- a. abdominal- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and the small and large intestines b. pelvic- end of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs 2)Appendicular- upper and lower limbs
Membranes 1)Pleural a. parietal- wall of lungs b.visceral- lungs 2) Pericardial- heart epicardium- heart’s actual surface 3) Peritoneal- abdominopelvic cavity a. parietal- walls b. visceral- each organ
Abdominopelvic cavity contains peritoneal cavity, a space lined by serous membrane known as the peritoneum Parietal peritoneum-lines inner surface of body wall Visceral peritoneum- covers enclosed organs Retroperitoneal- organs that lie between the peritoneal linking & the muscular wall of abdominal cavity Ex: kidneys Infraperitoneal- lie inferior to peritoneal cavity Ex: bladder, distal large intestine
Smaller cavities in the head 1)Oral- mouth 2)Nasal- nose 3)Orbital- eye 4)Middle ear