Intro to Anatomy Terms

Body Planes and Positions Designed to improve communication between all medical fields.Designed to improve communication between all medical fields. Medical StandardMedical Standard

Anatomical Position Standing Standing Facing Forward Facing Forward Palms Facing Forward Palms Facing Forward Medical Professional standard Medical Professional standard

Supine and Prone Supine – Lying down with the face up. (looking at a pine tree)Supine – Lying down with the face up. (looking at a pine tree) Prone – Lying face down.Prone – Lying face down.

Frontal Plane Coronal Plane Divides the body into: Divides the body into: Anterior – Anterior – Refers to front of body Ventral Posterior Posterior Refers to the back of the body Dorsal

Sagittal Plane Imaginary line that divides body into left and right halves is known as the midline. Medial : Medial : If a body part faces the midline it is said to be medial. Lateral: Lateral: If a body part is located away from the midline it is said to be lateral

Transverse Plane AKA Horizontal Plane Imaginary line that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. It is perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes. Imaginary line that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. It is perpendicular to the coronal and sagittal planes. Cranial – Cranial – Refers to closer to the head Proximal- Towards an attachment Caudal – Caudal – Refers to closer to the feet Distal –Away from an attachment

Skin Outermost surface of bodyOutermost surface of body Largest organ of bodyLargest organ of body Guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs.Guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs. A break in the skin is a Wound.A break in the skin is a Wound. Scar TissueScar Tissue

Bones Over 206 Skeletal bones in the bodyOver 206 Skeletal bones in the body 3 primary functions3 primary functions 1.Protection EX: Skull and RibsEX: Skull and Ribs 2.Movement 3.Metabolically active Produce blood cellsProduce blood cells Store calcium and phosphorusStore calcium and phosphorus

Skeleton Axial consists of the approx. 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body. consists of the approx. 80 bones in the head and trunk of the human body. It is the central core of the body and where the appendicular skeleton attaches It is the central core of the body and where the appendicular skeleton attaches comprised of five parts comprised of five parts 1.Skull (22) 2.Ossicles of inner ear (6) 3.Hyoid Bone (1) 4.Rib Cage (25) 5.Vertebral Column (33)

Skeleton Skeleton Appendicular is composed of 134 bones in the human body is composed of 134 bones in the human body Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper limbs). Functionally it is involved in locomotion (Lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (Upper limbs). Composed of 6 parts Composed of 6 parts 1.Pectoral Girdle (4) 2.Arm and Forearm (6) 3.Hands (58) 4.Pelvis (2) 5.Thigh and Leg (8) 6.Feet (56)

Bone Types and Shapes Long – ex. FemurLong – ex. Femur Epiphysis – Growth Plate where growth occursEpiphysis – Growth Plate where growth occurs Short – ex. MetacarpalShort – ex. Metacarpal Flat – ex. ScapulaFlat – ex. Scapula Irregular – ex. VertebraeIrregular – ex. Vertebrae Sesamoid – ex. Knee CapSesamoid – ex. Knee Cap

Cartilage TypesTypes Hyaline cartilage: makes up the majority of the body's cartilage. It lines the bones in joints, helping them to articulate smoothly Hyaline cartilage: makes up the majority of the body's cartilage. It lines the bones in joints, helping them to articulate smoothly Elastic cartilage: is more flexible than the other types This type of cartilage is found in the outer ear, the larynx, and the Eustachian tube. Elastic cartilage: is more flexible than the other types This type of cartilage is found in the outer ear, the larynx, and the Eustachian tube. Fibrocartilage : is the strongest and most rigid type of cartilage. Fibrocartilage makes up the intervertebral discs, connects tendons and ligaments to bones, and appears in other high-stress areas. Fibrocartilage : is the strongest and most rigid type of cartilage. Fibrocartilage makes up the intervertebral discs, connects tendons and ligaments to bones, and appears in other high-stress areas. Functions to join structures Functions to join structures Absorb shock Absorb shock Permit smooth bone movement Permit smooth bone movement

Muscles 3 Classifications

Skeletal is the type of muscle that we can see and feel. When a body builder works out to increase muscle mass, skeletal muscle is what is being exercised. Skeletal muscles attach to the skeleton and come in pairs -- one muscle to move the bone in one direction and another to move it back the other way. These muscles usually contract voluntarily, meaning that you think about contracting them and your nervous system tells them to do so. They can do a short, single contraction ( twitch ) or a long, sustained contraction ( tetanus ). exercised

Smooth is found in your digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, airways and, the uterus. Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time. It contracts involuntarily, meaning that you do not have to think about contracting it because your nervous system controls it automatically. For example, your stomach and intestines do their muscular thing all day long, and, for the most part, you never know what's going on in there.uterus

Cardiac is found only in your heart, and its big features are endurance and consistency. It can stretch in a limited way, like smooth muscle, and contract with the force of a skeletal muscle. It is a twitch muscle only and contracts involuntarilyheart

Tendons Attach muscle to boneAttach muscle to bone Transmits the forces thatTransmits the forces that Muscles exert Muscles exert

Ligaments Connects bone to bone Connects bone to bone Helps form Joints Helps form Joints

Types of Joints DiarthrodialDiarthrodial The most common and movable type of joint, which is characterized by the presence of a layer of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage that lines the opposing bony surfaces, as well as a lubricating synovial fluid within the synovial cavity.The most common and movable type of joint, which is characterized by the presence of a layer of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage that lines the opposing bony surfaces, as well as a lubricating synovial fluid within the synovial cavity.

Synovial Joints

Amphiarthrodial Those joints that have cartilage attaching two bones together. Also, known as cartilaginous joints Ex: Ribs and Sternum

Synarthrodial Also called, Fibrous Joints Held together by tough connective tissue Immovable Ex: Bones of the skull

Body Movements

Abduction/Adduction Abduction – Moving away from the Midline of the bodyAbduction – Moving away from the Midline of the body Adduction – Moving towards the midlineAdduction – Moving towards the midline

Flexion/Extension Flexion -Flexion - Movement that decreases the joint angle Movement that decreases the joint angle Extension – Movement that increases joint angleExtension – Movement that increases joint angle

Supination/Pronation Supination – Causes the hand to face anteriorly. (Holding Soup)Supination – Causes the hand to face anteriorly. (Holding Soup) Pronation – rotation of radius over the ulna causing hand to face posteriorlyPronation – rotation of radius over the ulna causing hand to face posteriorly

Dorsiflexion/PlantarFlexion Dorsiflexion – lifting the foot at the ankle joint towards the bodyDorsiflexion – lifting the foot at the ankle joint towards the body Plantarflexion – Downward movement of the ankle. Pointing toes to the groundPlantarflexion – Downward movement of the ankle. Pointing toes to the ground

Inversion/Eversion Inversion – Moving the sole of the foot mediallyInversion – Moving the sole of the foot medially Eversion – Moving the sole of the foot laterallyEversion – Moving the sole of the foot laterally

Retraction/Protraction Retraction – Posterior movemtn without change in angleRetraction – Posterior movemtn without change in angle Protraction – Anterior displacement without change in angleProtraction – Anterior displacement without change in angle

Elevation/Depression Elevation – Lifting superiorlyElevation – Lifting superiorly Depression – Pressing body part inferiorlyDepression – Pressing body part inferiorly

Lateral and Medial Rotation Lateral Roattion – Turning a bone or limb away from the midlineLateral Roattion – Turning a bone or limb away from the midline Medial Rotation – Turing medial towards midlineMedial Rotation – Turing medial towards midline

Circumduction Circumduction – movement that is circularCircumduction – movement that is circular