Jesse arrives at the clinic, he is 14 months old Though he looks normal in many respects his parents are worried about him

Developmental milestones 1-2 Knows a few parts of the body and can point to them when asked YES NO Follows simple commands (“Roll the ball”) and understands simple questions (“Where’s your shoe?”) YES NO Enjoys simple stories, songs, and rhymes YES NO Points to pictures, when named, in books YES NO Acquires new words on a regular basis YES NO Uses some one- or two-word questions (“Where kitty?” or “Go bye-bye?”) YES NO Puts two words together (“More cookie” or “No juice”) YES NO Uses many different consonant sounds at the beginning of words

Attention deficit disorder drugs Ritalin is a mild central nervous system stimulant. It affects chemicals in the brain that contribute to hyperactivity and impulse control.

Jesse’s brain on autopsy Normal brain

Coronal section Normal brain

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Half life = 110 minutes PET scanner

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Horizontal sections Normal brain Area of abnormal Activity (seizure)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Horizontal sections Normal brainArea of abnormal activity in Alzheimer’s patient

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Horizontal sections Brain showing tumor Area of abnormal activity (seizure)

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) Hydrogen atom MRI scanner

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (fMRI) Hemoglobin: Oxygenation changes Fe 2+ to Fe 3+ MRI scanner

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) Corpus callosum Structural MRI Functional MRI (Subject read one word)

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) Tumor Agenesis of the corpus callosum

Electroencephalopathy (EEG) Cap Leads Amplifier

Electroencephalopathy (EEG) Parietal area between electrodes Neurons responsible For the signal