Muscles of the Face 1. Orbicularis oris superior/ orbicularis oris inferior 2. Muscles inserting into upper lip Zygomatic minor Levator labii superioris Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Zygomatic major Levator anguli oris

Muscles of the Face 3. Muscles inserting into lower lip Depressor anguli oris (also known as triangularis) Depressor labii inferior (also known as quadratus labii inferior) Mentalis 4. Transverse muscles Rigorius buccinator

Muscles of the Face 1. Orbicular Oris Superior (OOS) and inferior (OOI) Muscle that surround the lips Functional difference between the upper and the lower muscles Pull the lips closer and effect labial seal OOS-lowers the upper lip OOI- elevates the lower lip Also active when we round and protrude lips. Innervated by the VII nerve Risorius is the main muscle for smiling.

Muscles of the Face Zygomatic minor Attaches to the zygomatic bone (ext.surface) Goes from zygomatic bone to the skin of the upper lip & OOS (mid-lateral region of the upper lip) When contracts, elevates upper lip In ‘p’- when releasing the ‘p’ Innervated by the buccal branches of the VII facial nerve 7th cranial nerve know what it intervates 3 different branches that intervate diff parts:

Muscles of the Face Levator labii superioris (LLS) From lower margin of orbit to the lateral half of the upper lip Inferior to skin & OOS Elevates the upper lip Innervated by the buccal branches of the VII facial nerve

Muscles of the Face Levator labii superior alaeque nasi (LLSAN) From frontal process of the maxilla & lower orbital regions Inserts into mid-lateral region of upper lip (OOS) Elevates the upper lip and dilating the nostril Innervated by the buccal branches of the VII facial nerve

Muscles of the Face Zygomatic major It arises lateral to the zygomatic minor on the zygomatic bone Inserting into the corner of the OOS. Elevates the lip & pulls the oral angle laterally (e.g., /i/; superior and lateral movement of upper lip) Buccal branches of the VII facial nerve

Muscles of the Face Levator anguli oris (LAO) (also known as caninus) Deep to the other lip muscles From the maxilla around the lower orbit to the oral angle Draws the corner of mouth up and medially Buccal branches of VII facial nerve

3. Muscles inserting into lower lip Depressor anguli oris (DAO) (also known as triangularis) Attached at the oblique line of the mandible to the skin & OOI at the oral angle Pulls oral angle down and laterally Lowering the lower lip inferiorly

3. Muscles inserting into lower lip Depressor labii inferior (DLI) (also known as quadratus labii inferior) Also from oblique line of mandible into the lower lip and inserts into the skin & OOI (not to the angle) Lower the lower lip inferiorly Dilates orifice by pulling lip down and out Innervated by the mandibular marginal branch of the VII facial nerve

3. Muscles inserting into lower lip Mentalis (MTL) Closer to the midline Medial pair of muscle. From mandible up to OOI Elevates the lower lip (same as OOI) for lip closure Wrinkles chin and pulls lower lip out Mandibular marginal branch of the VII facial nerve

4. Transverse muscles Risorius (RIS) From angle of mandible to angle of the mouth. Movement of angle laterally Retracts lips at the corners Buccal branches of the VII facial nerve

4. Transverse muscles Buccinator Deep to risorius is the buccinator Muscular bulk of the cheek From the large areas of mandible and maxilla to OOS and OOI at the angle Movement of food onto the grinding surfaces of the molars Also contributes to moving angle laterally and helps to flatten the cheeks

5. Platysma Platysma (PLAT) Very thin, flat , broad muscle Covers most of the lateral and anterior regions of the neck Runs from region around pectoralis major inserting into the oral angles. Depresses the mandible Active when smiling broadly. Also active when resisting jaw against resistance

Muscles of the Tongue Tongue is covered by Mucous membrane superficially Deep structures are formed by the corium (layer of connective tissues), fibrous midline septum and deep connective tissues of the lingual mucosa In addition, there is an array of intrinsic muscles and attachments from extrinsic muscles Tongue is one of the most complex structures in the body.

Muscles of the Tongue Extrinsic Intrinsic Palatoglossus Styloglossus Hyoglossus Genioglossus Intrinsic Superior longitudinal Transverse Vertical Inferior longitudinal

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles Superior longitudinal muscles: comprise the upper layer of the tongue, course forward and outward. Will elevate the tip of the tongue. CN. XII Inferior longitudinal muscles: Lower layer of the tongue and will pull the tongue downward. CN. XII Crainial nerve 12 intervates the tounge…

Intrinsic Tongue Muscles Transverse muscles: course laterally and insert to the sides of the tongue.Leads to pull the edges of the tongue together. CN. XII Vertical muscles: At right angles to the transverse muscles and help in flattening the muscles. CN. XII

Coronal Section of the Tongue Intrinsic muslces and extrinsic mucles of the tongue. Longitudinal muscles run on the top and bottom.

Extrinsic Tongue Muscles Genioglossus: originates from the Inner mandibular surface and fans to the tip and dorsum of the tongue Contraction of the anterior fibers causes retraction contraction of the posterior fibers draws the tongue forward. Contraction of both fibers will lead draw the tongue down into the floor. CN. XII hypoglossal nerve

Muscles of the Tongue

Extrinsic Tongue Muscles Hyoglossus: greater horn of the hyoid to the sides of the tongue.Pulls the sides down. CN. XII Chondroglossus: Lesser horn of the hyoid, courses upward and inserts into the intrinsic muscles. Depresses the tongue. CN XII hypoglossal nerve

Extrinsic Tongue Muscles Styloglossus: originates from the anterolateral margin of the styloid process of the temporal bone courses forward and downward and inserts into the inferior surfaces of the tongue. Pulls it upward and backward. CN. XII hypoglossal nerve

Muscles of the Tongue Palatoglossus May be defined as a muscle of the tongue or the velum It serves dual purpose of depressing the soft palate or elevating the back of the tongue The palatoglossus makes up the anterior faucial pillar.

Palate Soft Palate: attached to the posterior free border of the palatine bones Muscles Levator veli palatini muscle: CN X & XI. Primary elevator Muscularis uvulae: Shortens the soft palate. CN X & XI Tensor veli palatini muscle: tenses and flattens the soft palate. Also opens the ET. CN V

Palate Muscles Palatoglossus muscle: Forms the anterior faucial pillars. Helps elevate the tongue or depresses the soft palate. CN. X & XI Paltopharyngeus muscle: Forms the posterior faucial pillars. Narrows the pharyngeal area and lowers the soft palate. CN. X & XI

Tongue Movement Which muscles are responsible for: Tongue tip elevation Tongue tip depression Tongue tip deviation (left and right) Relaxation of lateral margins Tongue narrowing Central tongue grooving Tongue protrusion Tongue retraction Posterior tongue elevation Tongue body depression

Tongue Movement Most important of the articulators as it is involved in production of the majority of English phonemes Tongue gestures required for speech Tongue tip elevation Superior longitudinal muscle of the tongue Shortening of these fibers will pull the tip and lateral margins up

Tongue tip depression Tongue tip deviation Inferior longitudinal muscles They course along the lateral margins of the lower tongue making them well positioned for pulling the tip and sides down Tongue tip deviation Simultaneous unilateral contraction of the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles Right side contraction will pull tongue to the right and left side contraction will pull tongue to the left

Tongue Movement Relaxation of lateral margins Important for /l/ Slight contraction of the posterior genioglossus, which helps to move the tongue forward Also contraction of the transverse intrinsic muscle to pull the sides medially away from the lateral gum ridge

Tongue Movement Tongue narrowing Central tongue grooving Fibers that course from the median fibrous septum to the lateral margins of the tongue; the transverse intrinsic Central tongue grooving For major grooving; contraction of the entire genioglossus in conjunction with the vertical fibers For moderate grooving: the genioglossus to a lesser degree and the vertical muscles A broadened groove could be accomplished by co-contraction of the superior longitudinal muscle, as well

Tongue Movement Tongue protrusion Posterior genioglossus and at least two of the intrinsic muscles Posterior genioglossus draws the tongue forward, but won’t point it Pointing will be done by the vertical and transverse intrinsic muscles Deviation (up, down, to the sides) will require the use of superior and inferior longitudinal intrinsics

Tongue Movement Tongue retraction Co-contraction of the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles will shorten the tongue To retract the tongue into the pharyngeal space, the styloglossus will also be engaged

Tongue Movement Posterior tongue elevation Tongue body depression Palatoglossi will elevate the sides Contraction of the transverse muscles in the posterior tongue will assist in bunching the tongue up in that region Tongue body depression Contraction of the genioglossus will depress the medial tongue Additionally, contraction of the hyoglossus and chondroglossus will depress the sides of the tongue, if the hyoid is fixed by the infra hyoid muscles

Palate Soft Palate: attached to the posterior free border of the palatine bones Muscles Levator veli palatini muscle: It is a muscle that forms the bulk of the velum Arises from the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone & medial wall of the Eustachian tube and insert into the palatal aponeurosis of the soft palate CN X & XI. Primary elevator

Palate Tensor veli palatini muscle: Does not tense the velum It arises from the sphenoid bone (scaphoid fossa) as well as from the lateral Eustachian tube wall. Its contraction dilates Eustachian tube Innervated by the mandibular nerve of the V trigeminal

Palate Muscles Palatoglossus muscle: Forms the anterior faucial pillars. Helps elevate the tongue or depresses the soft palate. CN. X vagus & XI accessory Paltopharyngeus muscle: Forms the posterior faucial pillars. Narrows the pharyngeal area and lowers the soft palate. CN. X & XI

Biological Functions Mastication Deglutition or Swallowing Process involved in food preparation that includes moving unchewed food, chewing it and mixing it with saliva Deglutition or Swallowing These two functions require the integration of lingual, velar, pharyngeal and facial muscles, with laryngeal movements About 55 muscles pairs that are integrated by the spinal and cranial nerves

Biological Functions Involves the following: Muscular process inserting into the orbicular oris so as close, open,purse, and retract the lips All the intrinsic muscles of the tongue that helps in moving the food for chewing and preparing the bolus for swallowing Velar elevators and tensors seal the nasal cavities Contraction of the pharyngeal constrictors to move the bolus down the pharynx and into the esophagus . Glosso infrengial cranial nerve 9.

Stages of Mastication and Deglutition Oral preparation Stage: Food is introduced into the oral cavity, Moved onto the molars for chewing, Mixed with the saliva Forming a concise bolus between the tongue and the hard palate Oral Stage: The bolus is moved back by the pressure of the tongue movement towards the hard palate

Stages of Mastication and Deglutition Pharyngeal Stage Begins when the bolus reaches the faucial pillars Soft palate and the larynx elevate Bolus is propelled through the pharynx to the esophageal sphincter Epiglottis is dropped to cover the opening of the laryngeal opening The intrinsic muscles adduct the VF Food passes over the epiglottis into the esophagus