WATER SERVICES TRUST FUND The UBSUP/SafiSan Programme Simon Okoth Programme Officer - Sanitation Water Services Trust Fund Simon Okoth Programme Officer - Sanitation Water Services Trust Fund 1

Kenya: a snapshot Country population: 43 million Urbanization rate: 4.2% per annum Informal urban areas are still growing Urban population: 15 million People living in urban low income areas: 8 million _____ Kenya only has 47% urban sanitation coverage Approximately 70% of households share a toilet with other households The 2010 Constitution declares sanitation a basic human right!! Recent devolution puts the Counties in charge of sanitation Urbanization and sanitation 2

WSTF’s Sanitation Interventions (between 2009 and 2013) Current urban sanitation status Access to improved urban sanitation (source: MajiData): 47% Trend: Increase (source: JMP 2009): 3% up: Kenya’s 200 urban centres : Only 33 cities/towns have sewerage systems Only 19 cities/towns have a functioning treatment system Infrastructure spending required (GoK 2010): KSh 10 billion per year is required to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) targets in 2015 GoK’s OPEX estimates (2010):KSh 1.2 billion per year 3

Sanitation Challenges Finance More public finance Subsidies targeting the poor Cover cost to release funds for capital spending Technical Reduce shared sanitation Address full delivery chain Solid waste, wastewater, drainage Governance Clear policyCoordinationEnforcing standards 4

WSTF’s sanitation projects: 1.Construction of public sanitation facilities in market places and bus parks 2.Sewer line extensions in low income urban areas Impact so far: Total of 20 public sanitation facilities were constructed: Approximately 12,000 beneficiaries Total of about 9 kilometres of sewer line extended: 30,400 beneficiaries expected WSTF’s Sanitation Interventions (between 2009 and 2013) 5

Up-scaling Basic Sanitation for the Urban Poor (UBSUP) is a 5-year joint programme of WSTF & GIZ UBSUP is financed by the German Development Bank (KfW) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) Overall objectives: Improve living conditions of the urban poor Target populations of urban low income areas with dire need of better sanitation Enable residents to practice good hygiene practices Develop standards for replication (scaling-up) Focus on plot & household level sanitation Focus on the entire sanitation value chain Need for scaling-up basic sanitation 6

Specific programme objectives: Provide sustainable sanitation (better toilets) for 800,000 residents Reach 200,000 residents with safe water Ensure safe & sustainable emptying, transport & treatment of toilet sludge Establish a monitoring system for tracking access to safe water & basic sanitation facilities Enhance active participation in the provision of basic sanitation to the urban poor by other stakeholders (e.g. residents, Counties, NGOs) Develop a sanitation up-scaling concept in line with the sector reforms UBSUP Programme.. 7

Sanitation value chain UBSUP’s approach Sanitation subsidy approach Performance & output- based approach (result based financing) Principle of addressing the entire sanitation value chain Specifically targets the population of the urban low income areas in Kenya UBSUP does not target slums with extremely high population densities (e.g. Kibera) where there is simply not space for household toilets 8

UBSUP Preparatory Study – Basis for programme design, testing & piloting 1.Technical options Toilets Treatment facilities Modes of sludge transport 2.Social marketing of improved basic sanitation 3.Business model; tapping on the economic value of sanitation 4.Scaling-up procedures & guidelines (from the WSTF for WSPs) Goal: Achieve coverage of the entire sanitation value chain! The pillars of UBSUP Taking into consideration sustainable service delivery 9

Financing of (SafiSan) projects through Water Service Providers Customer-aided design (user-friendly, affordable & easy to build toilets) Sound (social) marketing of sanitation to create demand Subsidised improved toilets Targeting planned urban low income areas Targeting households and (larger) plots (where tenants live together) Emphasis on dry on-site sanitation options (e.g. UDDTs)(*) Toilet site selection: Considering household preferences & public health Toilet construction: Making use of local skills & artisans Sustainable sludge management Promotion of the re-use of treated waste _______________________________ *): UDDT = Urine Diverting Dry Toilet Key Considerations and programme approaches 10

1.The Water Sector Sanitation Concept (2009) Safe sanitation shall fulfill human rights requirements to sanitation and shall only be counted as sustainable access to safe sanitation if safe disposal of effluent and excreta is guaranteed Human rights criteria are: easy & safe to access and use - physically accessible - affordable - culturally acceptable - easy to keep clean 2.National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy of 2007 Protecting environment from pollution & negative human health effects Identifying appropriate technologies 3. UBSUP Preparatory Study Result of study conducted in low income areas (LIAs) of 11 towns Analysis of the current sanitation practices in Kenya Using feedback from users Minimum standards and service levels Key considerations and programme approaches.. 11

What UBSUP does for urban residents with poor- or no toilets? Develop appropriate safe toilets (dry and water based) Develop appropriate corresponding sludge management facilities Establish appropriate corresponding sanitation service delivery chain Sensitisation focusing on toilet use and maintenance Sensitisation focusing on the importance of hand-washing Target groups Key considerations and programme approaches.. 12

Dry Toilets (Urine Diverting Dry Toilets - UDDTs) Water Based Toilets (Pour and cistern flush connected to existing sewers or septic/conservancy tanks) VIP (Ventilated Improved Pit latrines) toilets are not promoted under UBSUP, but UBSUP will deal with sludge coming from the existing VIPs and other toilets (including traditional pit latrines) 1. User Interface UDDT Vaults (primary treatment) for dry toilets Sludge drying beds (secondary treatment) for water based and dry toilets DEWATS ( Bio-digesters and Anaerobic Baffled Reactors) for water based systems and sludge from VIPs and improved pit latrines) 2. Sludge treatment Adapted Technical Options 13

1.Management and Operation of DTFs (*): Done by Water Service Providers (lease agreements) under regulation Assets to be owned by WSPs on behalf of the County Governments 2.Exhauster Operators: WSPs (under regulation) Private operators (trained & brought under regulation) with required permits Avail more short distance sludge disposal points at DTFs 3. Manual/Mechanical sludge emptiers: Provide private services Shall be trained, equipped and brought under regulation Stop rampant dumping in water surfaces and environment Avail sludge disposal points at DTFs 4. Trained Artisans/small-scale entrepreneurs: provide construction & maintenance 5. Private Sector : Manufacturing sanitation components _____________________________________ *): DTF = Decentralised Treatment Facility (or “Sanitation Centre”) Service Delivery 14

Systematic data collection and analysis to develop appropriate marketing strategies with changing times and circumstances Making toilet designs, emptying services and promoting behaviors that fit the felt needs of the consumers/users Aggressive door-to-door marketing of improved sanitation & emptying services Using a “carrots (subsidies) & sticks approach (sanitation is a human right) Sensitisation focusing on good hand-washing behaviors Cost effective pricing (through subsidies) so that the product or service is affordable Methods for effective distribution of SafiSan toilets so that when demand is created at area or town level, consumers know where and how to get the toilets and services Social marketing of basic sanitation: Key components 15

1.Toilet subsidies 2.Manuals & hand-washing facilities 3.Local sanitation market studies aimed at identifying sanitation hotspots 4.The awareness programme 5.Social marketing programme & materials including social animators 6.Training of emptiers (“Sanitation Teams”) & exhausters 7.“SaniGo” carts used by the “Sanitation Teams” & other equipment 8.Demonstration toilets at plot level 9.Training of DTF operators & relevant WSXP staff 10.Construction of DTFs & drying beds 11.Demonstration fields for the use of soil conditioner 12.NEMA approvals 13.Services of the WSTF Field Monitor (WSTF Resident Advisor) UBSUP Funding What does the WSTF fund? 16

1.Acquisition of sites (e.g. DTFs or drying beds) 2.Operation of DTFs 3.Salaries of operators, WSP staff, etc. UBSUP Funding.. 17 The WSTF does not fund:

What are the incentives for WSP when they decide to engage in onsite sanitation? Counties and WSPs may not always prioritise sanitation Not all Public Health Officers may want to join the SafiSan project Sanitation not always a priority for households Tenants may want good toilets, but sanitation not always a priority for landlords who are the sanitation decision makers Tenants may not be motivated to properly use & maintain toilets they do not own Residents may not know how to use UDDTs Regulatory framework is weak and does not encourage and support private initiatives in the provision of sanitation services Informal areas growing faster than sanitation service provision and available solutions Securing land for DTFs The challenges we can expect 18

BMGF = 7.13 million USD (KSh 613 million) KfW = million USD (KSh 860 million) Jointly financed by GIZ Government of Kenya (GoK) WSTF Counties WSPs Others (landlords & Households) Additional contributions July 2011 to June 2016 Timeline UBSUP programme budget & timeline 19

Sanitation is a problem in most urban low income areas (coverage is low) The Constitution considers adequate sanitation to be a human right! The project is set within the broader context of the Ministries’ national sanitation objectives and strategy The UBSUP programme is in line with devolution Adapted and affordable sanitation technologies (toilets & treatment) are available The UBSUP programme can contribute to the standardisation of on-site sanitation The UBSUP programme provides the opportunity to contribute to sanitation target in the MDGs: To halve the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation by 2015 The UBSUP programme can contribute to the Vision 2030 objectives Opportunity for the UBSUP programme 20

THANK YOU!!! 21