America on the World Stage 1899 - 1909

“Little Brown Brothers” Filipinos assumed they would be granted their independence like Cuba Senate refused Feb. 4, 1899 Insurrection led by Emilio Aguinaldo Filipinos were defeated & resorted to guerilla warfare US used torture & camps 1901 – Aguinaldo was captured

“Benevolent Assimilation” Philippine Commission 1899 Established by McKinley William Howard Taft – head Goal was to make appropriate recommendations Improved roads, sanitation, public health, & schools Ill received Philippines will receive their independence on July 4, 1946

John Hay Defends China China Defeated by Japan 1894 – 1895 Russia & Germany moved in Tore away valuable leaseholds & economic spheres of influence American churches worried about missionaries Business feared European monopolies on Chinese goods Sec of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy

Open Door Policy 1899 – John Hay sent Open Door Note Sent to all great powers Urged countries to announce that in their dealings, they would respect certain Chinese rights & the ideal of fair competition Eventually all nations agree with the exception of Russia Hay proclaimed that Open Door Policy is in effect

Problems with the Open Door 1900 – Boxer Rebellion in China Over 200 missionaries & whites killed 18,000 multinational soldiers were sent & stopped the rebellion Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, Germany, & US Hay feared that the rebellion would be used to justify carving up China 1900 – expanded policy to include territorial integrity in addition to its commercial integrity Did not ask for formal acceptance

Presidential Election 1900 Republicans – McKinley Platform – prosperity, gold standard, & overseas expansion VP – Theodore Roosevelt Gov of NY but political bosses wanted him out Democrats – Bryan Platform – anti-imperialism

Campaign Approach McKinley won easily McKinley – front-porch Bryan & TR traveled & campaigned McKinley won easily Prosperity at home seemed more important than freedom aboard Election was not a mandate for or against imperialism For or against McKinley & Bryan Mandate for prosperity & protection

TR becomes President Sept. 1901 - McKinley is assassinated By a deranged anarchist TR became youngest president Claimed he would carry on the politics of McKinley

TR as President “Speak softly and carry a big stick” What does this mean? Outspoken moralizer & reformer Master politician Beliefs: No respect for checks & balances Constitution was too rigid President should lead Felt he may take any action in the general interest that was not specifically forbidden by the laws of the constitution

The Need for a Canal TR understood the outside world more than his predecessors War established the need for a canal USS Oregon – had to travel all the way around South America to engage in possible battle Canal would increase naval mobility Make defense of new territories easier

Canal Plans Clayton-Bulwer Treaty – 1850 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – 1901 Agreement with Great Britain that US would not control such a route Hay-Pauncefote Treaty – 1901 Agreed to by Great Britain, US could build & fortify a canal Where? Nicaragua Panama – what are the problems with Panama?

Nicaragua v. Panama French Canal Company – started building canal but had to stop Wanted US to continue where they left off New Panama Canal Company –led by Philippe Bunau-Varilla Dropped the price of the land from $109 million to $40 million Congress was concerned about volcanoes in Nicaragua Hanna argued in Congress for Panama Congress accepted June 1902

Problems in Panama Treaty was negotiated between US & Colombia Granted use of 6 mile canal zone $10 million & $250,000 annually Treaty was rejected by Colombia TR was running for office in 1904 Wanted to start building before election

Panama Revolution Nov. 3, 1903 Panamanians wanted the canal Counted on the prosperity to come Bunau-Varilla raised a “patriot” army Made up of fire departments & Colombian troops that had been paid $100,000 Colombian troops were ready to attack US naval forces would not let them cross the isthmus TR justified actions based on former treaty(1846) to maintain “perfect neutrality” of the isthmus

Sealing the Deal TR quickly moved to recognize Panama Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Signed by US & Panama Price remained the same, zone increased to 10 miles “Rape of Panama” Resulted in a downward turn in relations with Latin America “Big Brother” Policy had begun

Completing the Canal Difficulties Colonel George Washington Goethals Labor troubles Landslides Sanitation Colonel George Washington Goethals Helped with organization Colonel William C. Gorgas Helped made canal zone safe from yellow fever Canal completed in 1914 $400 million

TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine Latin American countries defaulted on their payments to European creditors Particularly Venezuela & the Dominican Republic 1903 - Germany attacked Venezuelan gunboats & a town TR feared that Germany & Great Britain might remain in Latin America Violation of Monroe Doctrine

Roosevelt Corollary In the future, if Latin American countries defaulted on their loans, the US would intervene take over customhouses, pay off the debts, and keep the troublesome powers on the other side of the Atlantic Monroe Doctrine “Thou shall not intervene.” Roosevelt Corollary “We shall intervene to prevent you from intervening.”

Colossus of the North 1905 – US took over tariff collections in the Dominican Republic DR were not happy with the interference 1906 – US Marines sent to Cuba to stop disorder Stayed until 1909 Started “Bad Neighbor” policy

TR on the World Stage Russo-Japanese War – 1904 Portsmouth, NH – 1905 Russia was trying to take ports in Manchuria, China – Port Arthur Japanese attacked Russia at Port Arthur Japanese eventually asked US for help Portsmouth, NH – 1905 TR helped Russia & Japan work out an agreement Japanese receive no money & some land 1906 – TR receives the Nobel Peace Prize for resolving dispute

Results of Russo-Japanese War Relationship among US, Japan & Russia soured Numerous Japanese laborers moved to California 1906 – 70,000 lived around the Pacific coast 1906 – Japanese were sent to special schools Gentlemen’s Agreement – 1907-1908 CA repealed the school order Japanese agreed to stop the flow of immigrants

The Great White Fleet 1907 – TR sent 16 battleships on a cruise around the world Goal was to impress the Japanese & the world TR believed this to be his most important contribution to peace 1908 - Root-Takahira Agreement US & Japan pledged to respect each other’s territorial possessions in the Pacific & to uphold the Open Door Policy

The Great White Fleet