POLITICS, REVIVAL, AND REFORM

 Adult white male suffrage ◦ 1840: 90%  Blacks ◦ Racism  Women ◦ Patriarchal beliefs

 Parades, rallies

 Dominating figure  Indian removal ◦ Trail of Tears

 Millerites ◦ Judgment day: 0ct. 22, 1843

 Temperance ◦ Alcohol  A social norm  Became abused  Problems  1830: +7 gallons per capita

This Currier and Ives lithograph, The Drunkard’s Progress, dramatically conveys the message that the first glass leads the drinker inevitably to alcoholism and finally to the grave, while his wife and child (shown under the arch) suffer. SOURCE:The Drunkard ’s Progress,Library of Congress.

FIGURE 13.2 Per Capita Consumption of Alcohol 1800–60 The underlying cause of the dramatic fall in alcohol consumption during the 1830s was the changing nature of work brought about by the market revolution. Contributing factors were the shock of the Panic of 1837 and the untiring efforts of temperance reformers. SOURCE:W.J.Rorabaugh,The Alcoholic Republic:An American Tradition (New York:Oxford University Press,1979).

 Restraint  Sylvester Graham ◦ sexual activity ◦ Excessive sex: bad ◦ solution: special wheat crackers (Graham crackers), fruit, cold showers ◦ Dieting, nutrition

 1774, oldest utopian group  Mother Ann ◦ Female version of God  Chastity and abstinence ◦ Personal experiences

 Oneidas ◦ Upstate N.Y. ◦ John Noyes, 1848 ◦ Free love ◦ No marriage ◦ Communal  Sex unions  Child rearing ◦ Adultery  Mormons ◦ Joseph Smith (adultery?) ◦ Polygamy legitimate

 Horace Mann ◦ State based, mandatory  Reform  Education ◦ Standardization ◦ Training

Winslow Homer’s famous painting, The Country School is both affectionate and realistic, showing both the idealism of the young female teacher and the barefoot condition of most of her pupils. SOURCE:Winslow Homer,The Country School,1871.St.Louis Art Museum

 Blacks and Whites ◦ ACS – 1817  Liberia, West Africa ◦ Blacks:  Douglas ◦ Whites:  Garrison, Liberator

 David Walker  Appeal  Anti-slavery  Fight segregation ◦ Any means

 Second class citizens  Women ◦ Could not advance ◦ Serve men  Seneca Falls convention, 1848