Beyond the point Ps approximation (account of internal Coulombic attraction) S.V. Stepanov, D.S. Zwezhinski, V.M. Byakov Institute for Theoretical and.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Various Polarization Processes
Advertisements

Pressure and Kinetic Energy
PIAB - Notes on the Ψ n ’ s The PIAB wave functions exhibit nodes. As we move to higher energy (higher n) states the number of nodes increases. As well,
Chapter 21. Electric Charge
20_01fig_PChem.jpg Hydrogen Atom M m r Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy R C.
Introduction to Molecular Orbitals
Radiation-chemical aspects in the positron annihilation spectroscopy Serge Stepanov, Vsevolod Byakov (ITEP, Moscow) Gilles Duplâtre (see his review on.
Conductors and Dielectrics in Static Electric Fields
February 16, 2010 Potential Difference and Electric Potential.
Continuum Representations of the Solvent pp (Old Edition) Eva Zurek.
One assumes: (1) energy, E  (- ℏ /i)  /  t (2) momentum, P  ( ℏ /i)  (3) particle probability density,  (r,t)  = i  /  x + j  /  y + k  / 
Lecture 3 The Debye theory. Gases and polar molecules in non-polar solvent. The reaction field of a non-polarizable point dipole The internal and the direction.
Chapter 1: Introduction and Basic Concepts
Physics 452 Quantum mechanics II Winter 2012 Karine Chesnel.
PY212 Electricity and Magnetism I. Electrostatics.
20_01fig_PChem.jpg Hydrogen Atom M m r Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy R C.
1 CE 530 Molecular Simulation Lecture 16 Dielectrics and Reaction Field Method David A. Kofke Department of Chemical Engineering SUNY Buffalo
Infinite Potential Well … bottom line
P v Surface Effects in Condensation If we compress a gas isothermally condensation is suppose to start at point O, and if we compress further the pressure.
Interaction of Charged Objects Attraction: can happen also for like-charged objects! Repulsion: can happen only for like-charged objects! Intervening matter.
Steps to Applying Gauss’ Law
A point charge cannot be in stable equilibrium in electrostatic field of other charges (except right on top of another charge – e.g. in the middle of a.
Ground State of the He Atom – 1s State First order perturbation theory Neglecting nuclear motion 1 - electron electron 2 r 1 - distance of 1 to nucleus.
Chapter 21 & 22 Electric Charge Coulomb’s Law This force of repulsion or attraction due to the charge properties of objects is called an electrostatic.
Lecture 10 Energy production. Summary We have now established three important equations: Hydrostatic equilibrium: Mass conservation: Equation of state:
The Harmonic Oscillator
+ E Force due to E created by positive charge shifts electron cloud and nucleus in opposite directions: electric dipole. An atom is said to be polarized.
ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELD INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS By: Engr. Hinesh Kumar (Lecturer)
A fast positron in a condensed molecular medium initiates numerous chemical transformations. These are similar to chemical processes in tracks of electrons.
Chapter 5 Diffusion and resistivity
Ch 23 pages Lecture 15 – Molecular interactions.
Physical Chemistry 2 nd Edition Thomas Engel, Philip Reid Chapter 23 The Chemical Bond in Diatomic Molecules.
Chapter 13 States of Matter
Stellar structure equations
AP Physics Summer Institute ELECTROSTATICS.
Chapter 25 Electric Potential Electrical Potential and Potential Difference When a test charge is placed in an electric field, it experiences a.
1.Solvation Models and 2. Combined QM / MM Methods See review article on Solvation by Cramer and Truhlar: Chem. Rev. 99, (1999)
Molecular bonding. Molecular Bonding and Spectra The Coulomb force is the only one to bind atoms. The combination of attractive and repulsive forces creates.
Molecular Mechanics Studies involving covalent interactions (enzyme reaction): quantum mechanics; extremely slow Studies involving noncovalent interactions.
Few examples on calculating the electric flux
Lecture 16 – Molecular interactions
Chem The Electronic Structure of Atoms Classical Hydrogen-like atoms: + - Atomic Scale: m or 1 Å Proton mass : Electron mass 1836 : 1 Problems.
Chapter2. Some Thermodynamics Aspects of Intermolecular Forces Chapter2. Some Thermodynamics Aspects of Intermolecular Forces 한국과학기술원 화학과 계면화학 제 1 조 김동진.
On the unit of mass: The mass of a macroscopic object is the sum of that of all its microscopic constituents and of a weak approximately calculable.
MS310 Quantum Physical Chemistry
LITERATURE SEARCH ASSIGNMENT A) Properties of diatomic molecules A diatomic molecule is a molecule composed of two atoms. For homonuclear diatomics the.
Last hour: Electron Spin Triplet electrons “avoid each other”, the WF of the system goes to zero if the two electrons approach each other. Consequence:
The Boltzmann Distribution allows Calculation of Molecular Speeds Mathematically the Boltzmann Distribution says that the probability of being in a particular.
Electric Charge (1) Evidence for electric charges is everywhere, e.g.
Theory of dilute electrolyte solutions and ionized gases
The Hydrogen Atom The only atom that can be solved exactly.
Lecture 8: Stellar Atmosphere 4. Stellar structure equations.
Lecture 3. INTRODUCTION TO PLASMA PHYSICS
Computational Physics (Lecture 22) PHY4061. In 1965, Mermin extended the Hohenberg-Kohn arguments to finite temperature canonical and grand canonical.
Electrostatic field in dielectric media When a material has no free charge carriers or very few charge carriers, it is known as dielectric. For example.
Chapter 7 The electronic theory of metal Objectives At the end of this Chapter, you should: 1. Understand the physical meaning of Fermi statistical distribution.
Why do molecules form? Molecular bonds Rotations Vibrations Spectra Complex planar molecules Molecules CHAPTER 9 Molecules Johannes Diderik van der Waals.
Schrodinger’s Equation for Three Dimensions
Solutions of Schrodinger Equation
Open quantum systems.
UNIT - 4 HEAT TRANSFER.
Schrödinger Theory of the Electronic Structure of Matter from a ‘Newtonian’ Perspective Viraht Sahni.
Molecular bonding.
Quantum Two.
Chapter 23 Electric Potential.
Parametrisation of Binding Energies
5. TEMPERATURE AND HEAT, IDEAL GASES
Lecture 1: MATTER POLARIZATION AND RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY
LECTURE II: ELEMENTARY PROCESSES IN IONIZED GASES
Cooper Pairs In the 1950s it was becoming clear that the superelectrons were paired ie there must be a positive interaction that holds a pair of electrons.
Presentation transcript:

Beyond the point Ps approximation (account of internal Coulombic attraction) S.V. Stepanov, D.S. Zwezhinski, V.M. Byakov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow -- Phylosophy of science: role of basic elementary models -- Intratrack mechanism of Ps formation -- Ps bubble: Exchange repulsion or something else? -- Non-point Ps. Account of intrinsic Coulombic e + e - interaction in a medium with a cavity. Ĥ via e + and e - work functions (+ polarization corrections) -- e + e - psi-function, minimization of total energy -- E ( R ), pick-off rate, contact density, equilibrium radius … -- How to link macroscopic and microscopic considerations?

What are general basis of a science? (take Quantum Mechanics as an example) 1) ideas/concepts (Ψ-function, operators, commutative properties, the Schrodinger equation, superposition principal...); 2) methods which realize ideas (perturbation theory, variational principle, quasiclassical approximation...) 3) basic elementary models illustrate how these methods do really work (oscillator, H-atom, potential well, free electron gas, the Thomas-Fermi model,...) 4) experimental verification (“Great experiments in physics”) Basic models are very important because: -- being simple and solvable they give us directions of thinking to conceive more complicate systems; -- they make up a basement of all education process

Quantum Mechanics Radiation + Positron + Ps Chemistry basic models are: - ionization stopping power; H.Bethe’s formula (1930) - ion-electron recombination; L.Onsager’s formula (1937) - diffusion-controlled rate constant; M.Smoluchowski (1917) - the Debye-Huckel screening (1923) - ambipolar diffusion; prescribed diffusion; G.Jaffe (1913) - energy losses of subexcitation electrons; H.Froehlich (1953) - model of solvated and quasifree electron; J.Jortner (1968…) - Ps bubble model; Ferrel, Goldanskii, Tao, Eldrup et al. (1957…) - … Physical Chemistry & Kinetics +=>

Intratrack recombination mechanism of Ps formation in liquids instead of the Ore model in gases: e + qf + e - blob  e + …e -   qf-Ps  Ps in a bubble 1. Ps is formed as a result of combination of the thermalized e + with one of the knocked out intratrack e - in the e + blob. Initially Ps appears as a weakly bound (~0.1eV) stretched e + e - pair. 2. Because of energy loss on vibration, this pair transforms into a quasifree Ps, the ground state of e + e - in an unperturbed medium. 3. Further energy gain is due to rearrangement of molecules (formation of the Ps bubble ). What is a driving force of this process?

In 1956(7) R.Ferrel suggested that the driving force of the formation of the Ps bubble is an exchange repulsion between the Ps electron and molecular electrons. Nature of the exchange repulsion is e - e - Coulombic repulsion com- bined with the correct permutation symmetry of the e - wave function. Without further details, Ferrel approximated this repulsion by a potential well (rectangular). U ( = depth) ~ 1-4 eV.

Ps bubble model => pick-off annihilation rate and energetics and kinetics of the Ps bubble formation The Tao-Eldrup Ps bubble model relates λ po =1/ τ 3 and R. It assuming U= ∞.

Relation between pick-off annihilation rate of ortho-Ps and surface tension. Determination of δ in T-E Eq.

However, beyond exchange repulsion there is important variation of internal Coulombic energy of e + e - pair (attraction between e+ and e- screened by the medium). Known scaling property of the Schrödinger Eq. for Ps atom e 2 => e 2 / ε, ( ε≈n 2 ≈2 ) gives for e + e - binding energy It is seen that in comparison with the exchange repulsion (typically U =1-4 eV) variation of the Coulombic energy is not small. So it should be taken into account. It was not done yet. We have to reject consideration of Ps as a point particle.

Hamiltonian of the e + e - pair in a medium with a spherical cavity Interaction of e + and e - with a medium: V 0 is the ground state energy of an excess particle in a medium (work function) V 0 + -? Same as for e -

How e + and e - interacts each other in a medium with a spherical cavity? The energy of e + e - Coulombic attraction may be expressed via series over the Legendre polynomials P l (cos θ):

Examples of e + and e - Coulombic interaction in a medium with a spherical cavity We really gain a lot of energy (several eV) only in the case when both particles are well inside the sphere (left figure).

Trial wave function for energy minimization (simplest, but sufficient) Total energy = → min over a and b => all energy contributions and contact density and pick-off annihilation rate (λ + ≈ 2/ns)

Two limiting cases: 1) “vacuum” Ps -- at large R : a = a B, E tot = - Ry/2, η c = 1 … 2) quasi-free Ps = “vacuum” Ps with a scaling e 2 -> e 2 / ε, ε =2 a = εa B, η c = 1/ε 3 E tot = - Ry/2ε | V V 0 - | Big difference with Tao-Eldrup! Minimization of e + e - energy, Conclusions: 1) Even if e+ and e- work functions are equal to 0, and each particle does not consider a cavity neither as a potential barrier, nor as a poten. well, Ps bubble may be formed due to an enhancement of the Coulombic e+e- attraction inside the cavity (no dielectric screening inside).

λ pick-off calculated according to Tao- Eldrup, for a “point” Ps in a finite well U and for e + e - pair 2) At R < A all the obtain- ed dependencies have a plateau, but at larger R there are significant variations. It is related with the known quantum mechanical phenomenon -- absence of a bound state of a particle in a small finite 3d-potential well. In such cavities Ps cannot be bound, it does not exert any repulsive pressure on them and does not stimulate their transformation into equilibrium Ps bubble. It could be that finding a suitable preexisting cavity, where qf-Ps may loca- lize, be a limiting factor of for- mation of the Ps bubble state.

Equilibrium size of Ps bubble in water is 5 Å, which is on 2 Å larger then in the Tao-Eldrup model 3) For such a bubble the relative contact density is η c  0.9. It is higher then experimental values ( ). This may indicate that e+ and e- interact with a medium in a different way (i.e. V 0 - > V 0 + ). Roughly, Ps electron may be trapped in a cavity, but e + will be bound to e - by the Coulombic attraction. This scenario can be considered in the frameworks of our approach. One may try psi-function of the pair in an “asymmetric” towards e + and e - form:

4) Challenge for the positron/Ps-newcomers : Any Ps bubble model reduces the original multi-particle problem to a simpler one: to a problem of one or two species in an external self-consistent field, describing Ps-medium interaction. To obtain this field we use macroscopic approaches. However, their linkage with, for example, actual arrangement of molecules, forming boundary of the Ps bubble, usage a concept of dielectric permittivity and so on, remains always uncertain. More adequate approaches should be developed or used...

In condensed phase in addition to the exchange repulsion there is polarization attraction between excess e - and a medium. So the ground state energy, V 0 -, of excess e - is a sum of its kinetic energy (exchange repulsion) and polarization attraction [ Springett B.E., Jortner J., Cohen M.N., 1968]

If we consider qf-Ps in a continuum (no cavity), the distance between e+ and e- is 3εa B /2 ≈1.5 Å (about the Wigner-Seitz radius of a molecule), so other molecules “see” this qf-Ps as an electrically neutral object. Therefore, it is reaso-nable to subtract from V V 0 +, U - out + U + out ≈-2 eV