Higgs Boson-The God’s Particle & The mystery of mass Higgs Boson-The God’s Particle & The mystery of mass Dr.S.Sanyasi Raju Reader & H.O.D. of Physics M.R.College(A), Vizianagaram Web-site:

 The Higgs Boson is a theoretical elementary, subatomic particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model of particle physics. It is the only Standard Model (SM) particle that has not yet been observed.  Dubbed “the God” particle by Nobel Prize winning physicist Leon Lederman, the Higgs is thought to impart mass to all other particles in the universe.  The Higgs particle is named after the British theorist Peter Higgs who along with Robert Brout and François Englert theorized its existence in The search for the Higgs remains one of the most important objective of research in elementary particle physics today.

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4 d The Matter Particles e Neutrino Electron Proton Mass: kg charge: +1 Mass: ~<10 -9 proton mass? Charge: 0 Mass: proton mass charge: -1 u u d NeutronCharge: 0 u d

The particles of Matter e u d u u d d Come in 3 versions, known as colours neutrino Electron up’ quark ‘ down’ quark

6 The Matter particles u d e 1 st Generation Ordinary matter  2 nd Generation Cosmic rays s c  3 rd Generation Accelerators b t

7 The particles of Matter u d e All ordinary matter is composed of these (There is a corresponding antiparticle for each)

8 The Matter particles u d e 1 st Generation  2 nd Generation s c  3 rd Generation b t 0.1GeV 1.7GeV 4.5GeV 175GeV E=mc 2 1GeV~Proton Mass 1.7GeV

9 The Matter particles u d e 1 st Generation  2 nd Generation s c  3 rd Generation b t

10 How do quarks combine? u u d A proton: two ‘u’ quarks and one ‘d’ quark d u d A neutron: 2 ‘d’ quarks and 1 ‘u’ quark u d Mesons have a quark and an anti-quark - Many created, not stable With 6 quark types there are hundreds of combinations

11 + Forces in Ordinary Physics Classically, forces are described by + Field charges and fields + +

12 Continuous field  exchange of quanta ++ For Electromagnetism The quanta are photons,  High energies and small distances  quantum mechanics Forces in Particle Physics

13 The Forces of Nature Higgs may give a link?

14 The Forces of Nature

15 Feynman Diagram Positron (anti-electron) Mediation of the Forces Electron  At each ‘vertex’ charge is conserved. Heisenberg Uncertainty allows energy borrowing.

16 Particles and forces Heavier generations have identical pattern