Life in the Cities 8-3
City Growth 1880 rural population = 74% 1910s rural population = 54% Great migration of southern blacks 2 phases (1890, 1910s) – movement of southern blacks to northern and Midwestern cities. Advances in transportation Suburbs – Kingwood Skyscrapers & elevators Buildings can be taller and cites can be more dense
Where do poor people live? Tenements Low-cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as the owner could pack in Severe overcrowding Few trees, little grass Dark, foul air from coal engines & boilers Open sewers attracted rats (diseases) Small fires become large fires quickly Contagious diseases spread easily
“Late one night, when we were all in bed, Mrs. O'Leary lit a lantern in the shed. Her cow kicked it over, Then winked her eye and said, "There'll be a hot time in the old town tonight!"
How can we improve this? “Lack of ventilation = main problem” Solution = dumbbell tenements Wasted because of trash
Do we just not know about it? Uncle Tom’s Cabin (slaves) A Century of Dishonor (Indians) How the Other Half Lives (urban poor) Jacob Riis, reporter, publishes book in 1890 Describes living conditions in cities Led to legislation to improve tenements
Rise of Political Machines Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall
Helped many immigrants who were “fresh off the boat” in exchange for their votes Filled the void left be social services
Extremely corrupt Controlled local politics
Reactions 8-4
Addressing the Problems Appalling living conditions Gov’t doesn’t do anything Organizations form to address the issues Attempt #1 COS – NY Charity Organization Society Detailed files Some people unworthy of help Aimed to Americanize Mixed feelings among immigrants
Addressing the Problems Appalling living conditions Gov’t doesn’t do anything Organizations form to address the issues Attempt #1 COS – NY Charity Organization Society Detailed files Some people unworthy of help Aimed to Americanize Mixed feelings among immigrants
Addressing the Problems Attempt #3 Settlement House Movement Settlement house = community center in poor area of town, offering social services “Simply giving money to poor never helped” Hull House established by Jane Addams Initially just to get to know neighbors Grew into huge community center over the years 400 settlement houses by 1910 Worked by recent college grads and women
Other reactions Sociology – study of society Nativism – favoring native-born Americans American Protective Association Secret society, targeted immigrants & Catholics Oath to only hire & vote Protestants Supported teaching of only American culture & English language in schools
Other reactions Temperance Movement Purity crusaders Organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption Several different groups Purity crusaders Drugs, gambling, prostitution, other vices Make America moral, again! Attacked political machines that seemed to profit from vice