PRS Slides for PowerPoint Chap 5 Learning Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Definitional and Application Slides 2 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

3 A researcher decides to classically condition a rabbit by presenting a sound each time before delivering a puff of air to the rabbit’s eye. He finds that the rabbit starts to blink upon hearing the sound. What function does the air puff have? 1.Conditioned stimulus 2.Unconditioned stimulus 3.Conditioned response 4.Unconditioned response 5.Neutral stimulus LO 5.2 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

4 A researcher decides to classically condition a rabbit by presenting a sound each time before delivering a puff of air to the rabbit’s eye. He finds that the rabbit starts to blink upon hearing the sound. What function does the air puff have? 1.Conditioned stimulus (p ) 2.Unconditioned stimulus 3.Conditioned response 4.Unconditioned response 5.Neutral stimulus LO 5.2 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

5 Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of classical conditioning? 1.The CS must come before the UCS. 2.The CS and UCS must come very close together in time (e.g., seconds apart). 3.The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times before conditioning can take place. 4.The CS should be a stimulus that stands out from other competing stimuli. 5.The CS and UCS should occur together in time. LO 5.2 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

6 Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of classical conditioning? 1.The CS must come before the UCS. 2.The CS and UCS must come very close together in time (e.g., seconds apart). 3.The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times before conditioning can take place. 4.The CS should be a stimulus that stands out from other competing stimuli. 5.The CS and UCS should occur together in time. (p ) LO 5.2 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

7 The phenomena in which a conditioned response reoccurs when the CS is presented after a period of extinction is called: 1.Stimulus generalization 2.Discrimination 3.Spontaneous recovery 4.Higher order conditioning 5.Reinforcement LO 5.2 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

8 The phenomena in which a conditioned response reoccurs when the CS is presented after a period of extinction is called: 1.Stimulus generalization 2.Discrimination 3.Spontaneous recovery (p. 182) 4.Higher order conditioning 5.Reinforcement LO 5.2 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

9 Which of the following is NOT an example of classical conditioning? 1.Conditioned emotional response 2.Vicarious conditioning 3.Taste aversion 4.A child that is rewarded for studying 5.A child who begins to salivate upon watching her mother take out the ingredients to bake the child’s favorite cookies LO Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

10 Which of the following is NOT an example of classical conditioning? 1.Conditioned emotional response 2.Vicarious conditioning 3.Taste aversion 4.A child that is rewarded for studying (p ) 5.A child who begins to salivate upon watching her mother take out the ingredients to bake the child’s favorite cookies LO Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

11 One common aspect of all forms of negative reinforcement is that: 1.something pleasurable is added to the situation to reinforce behavior. 2.something unpleasant is added to the situation to reinforce behavior. 3.something aversive is taken away from the situation to reinforce behavior. 4.something pleasant is taken away from the situation to reinforce behavior. 5.all types of reinforcement work the same. LO 5.5 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

12 One common aspect of all forms of negative reinforcement is that: 1.something pleasurable is added to the situation to reinforce behavior. 2.something unpleasant is added to the situation to reinforce behavior. 3.something aversive is taken away from the situation to reinforce behavior. (p. 192) 4.something pleasant is taken away from the situation to reinforce behavior. 5.all types of reinforcement work the same. LO 5.5 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

13 Which of the following is NOT true about the use of punishment? 1.Punishment can cause a person to avoid their punisher. 2.Punishment may create fear and anxiety. 3.Punishment may increase aggression from the person being punished. 4.Punishment may encourage behaviors, like lying, to avoid punishment. 5.Punishment is the best method for getting children to behave. LO 5.6 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

14 Which of the following is NOT true about the use of punishment? 1.Punishment can cause a person to avoid their punisher. 2.Punishment may create fear and anxiety. 3.Punishment may increase aggression from the person being punished. 4.Punishment may encourage behaviors, like lying, to avoid punishment. 5.Punishment is the best method for getting children to behave. (p ) LO 5.6 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

15 This process is often used when trying to teach complex behaviors by which an individual is rewarded after achieving smaller steps that get him or her closer to the desired behavior: 1.Shaping 2.Spontaneous recovery 3.Extinction 4.Generalization 5.Classical conditioning LO 5.6 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

16 This process is often used when trying to teach complex behaviors by which an individual is rewarded after achieving smaller steps that get him or her closer to the desired behavior: 1.Shaping (p ) 2.Spontaneous recovery 3.Extinction 4.Generalization 5.Classical conditioning LO 5.6 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

17 The color of a traffic light usually serves what primary function? 1.Conditioned stimulus 2.Discriminative stimulus 3.Reinforcement 4.Positive punishment 5.Negative punishment LO 5.6 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

18 The color of a traffic light usually serves what primary function? 1.Conditioned stimulus 2.Discriminative stimulus (p. 196) 3.Reinforcement 4.Positive punishment 5.Negative punishment LO 5.6 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

19 On average, a child will receive $10 from her parents every 2 weeks for cleaning her room. What type of reinforcement schedule are the parents using? 1.Variable ratio 2.Fixed interval 3.Variable interval 4.Fixed ratio 5.Continuous reinforcement LO 5.7 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

20 On average, a child will receive $10 from her parents every 2 weeks for cleaning her room. What type of reinforcement schedule are the parents using? 1.Variable ratio 2.Fixed interval 3.Variable interval (p. 200) 4.Fixed ratio 5.Continuous reinforcement LO 5.7 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

21 Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest rate in responding (i.e., more instances of the target behavior)? 1.Variable interval 2.Fixed interval 3.Variable ratio 4.Fixed ratio 5.Continuous reinforcement LO 5.7 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

22 Which reinforcement schedule produces the highest rate in responding (i.e., more instances of the target behavior)? 1.Variable interval 2.Fixed interval 3.Variable ratio (p ) 4.Fixed ratio 5.Continuous reinforcement LO 5.7 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

23 Research on ________________ showed that not all behaviors can be learned through experience with the environment (e.g., operant conditioning), as was once thought by the behaviorists. 1.extinction 2.taste aversions 3.instinctive drift 4.punishment 5.behavior modification LO 5.8 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

24 Research on ________________ showed that not all behaviors can be learned through experience with the environment (e.g., operant conditioning), as was once thought by the behaviorists. 1.extinction 2.taste aversions 3.instinctive drift (p. 202) 4.punishment 5.behavior modification LO 5.8 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

25 Knowing the location of the alternative entrances into a building without having ever used them before is an example of: 1.Latent learning 2.Learned helplessness 3.Classical conditioning 4.Operant conditioning 5.Insight LO 5.10 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

26 Knowing the location of the alternative entrances into a building without having ever used them before is an example of: 1.Latent learning (p ) 2.Learned helplessness 3.Classical conditioning 4.Operant conditioning 5.Insight LO 5.10 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

27 Seligman performed a study on learned helplessness, which demonstrated: 1.Dogs given inescapable shock did nothing to escape the shock when later given the opportunity for escape. 2.Dogs given inescapable shock did escape the shock when later given the opportunity for escape. 3.Dogs given inescapable shock later became aggressive when given the opportunity for escape. 4.Dogs given inescapable shock later became more active when given the opportunity for escape. 5.There was no difference between dogs given inescapable vs. escapable shock when later given the opportunity for escape. LO 5.10 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

28 Seligman performed a study on learned helplessness, which demonstrated: 1.Dogs given inescapable shock did nothing to escape the shock when later given the opportunity for escape. (p ) 2.Dogs given inescapable shock did escape the shock when later given the opportunity for escape. 3.Dogs given inescapable shock later became aggressive when given the opportunity for escape. 4.Dogs given inescapable shock later became more active when given the opportunity for escape. 5.There was no difference between dogs given inescapable vs. escapable shock when later given the opportunity for escape. LO 5.10 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

29 A biologist has been searching for solution as to what area of the brain is associated with conscious experience. After many years of work, the researcher decides to abandon his efforts. A couple of days later, he suddenly realizes the solution, as though out of nowhere. What type of learning does this demonstrate? 1.Latent learning 2.Insight 3.Classical conditioning 4.Observational learning 5.Operant conditioning LO 5.10 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

30 A biologist has been searching for solution as to what area of the brain is associated with conscious experience. After many years of work, the researcher decides to abandon his efforts. A couple of days later, he suddenly realizes the solution, as though out of nowhere. What type of learning does this demonstrate? 1.Latent learning 2.Insight (p. 208) 3.Classical conditioning 4.Observational learning 5.Operant conditioning LO 5.10 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

31 In order for observational learning to occur, all of the following elements need to be present EXCEPT: 1.Attention 2.Intelligence 3.Memory 4.Imitation 5.Motivation LO 5.11 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

32 In order for observational learning to occur, all of the following elements need to be present EXCEPT: 1.Attention 2.Intelligence (p ) 3.Memory 4.Imitation 5.Motivation LO 5.11 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

Critical Thinking & Student Opinion Slides 33 Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education

What do you think? Is this “learning”? An infant stops sucking its thumb. A.Yes B.No Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 34

What do you think? Is this “learning”? Children acquire language. A.Yes B.No Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 35

What do you think? Is this “learning”? A computer program generates random opening moves for its first 100 chess games and tabulates the outcomes of those games. Starting with the 101st game, the computer uses those tabulations to influence its choice of opening moves. A.Yes B.No Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 36

What do you think? Is this “learning”? A worm is placed in a T maze. The left arm of the maze is brightly lit and dry; the right arm is dim and moist. On the first ten trials, the worm turns right seven times. On the next ten trials, the worm turns right all ten times. A.Yes B.No Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 37

What do you think? Is this “learning”? A previously psychotic patient is given Dr. K’s patented phrenological surgery and no longer exhibits any psychotic behaviors. A.Yes B.No Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 38

What do you think? Is this “learning”? A lanky zinnia plant is pinched back and begins to grow denser foliage and flowers. A.Yes B.No Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 39

What do you think? Is this “learning”? After pondering over a difficult puzzle for hours, Jane finally figures it out. From that point on, she can solve all similar puzzles in the time it takes her to read them. A.Yes B.No Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 40

What do you think? Is this “learning”? After thirty years of smoking two packs a day, Zeb throws away his cigarettes and never smokes again. A.Yes B.No Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 41

What is your experience? I experience a startle response when I see lightning. A.True B.False Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 42

What is your experience? There is at least one food that I can’t eat because I got sick after eating it once. A.True B.False Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 43

What is your experience? There is at least one alcoholic drink that I can’t drink because I got sick after drinking it once. A.True B.False Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 44

What is your experience? I have a phobia. A.True B.False Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 45

What is your learning style? I can solve a problem best by A. breaking down the problem into different components (analytical) B. viewing the problem as a whole (holistic) C. talking through the problem (verbal) D.visualizing the problem in my head (spatial) E.It depends on the problem. Copyright © 2009, Pearson Education 46