 The established Catholic and Protestant churches in the 18 th centuries – 1. Conservative institutions 2. Supported the hierachical sstructure of society 3. Supported the priveleged classes 4. Supported tradition 5. The local priest/pastor was center of religious life 6. The local church provided -> religious services, kept birth, death and marriage records, supervised primary education

 LUTHERANISM = Scandinavia, N. Germany  ANGLICANISM = England  CALVINISM = Scotland, Dutch Republic, parts of Switzerland  CATHOLICISM = Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Habsburg Empire, Poland, S. Germany

1. Expelled from Portugal Expelled from France Expelled from Spain & Spanish colonies Spain and France demand entire order be dissolved in Destruction of the Jesuits went along with decline in papal power 6. By mid 18 th papacy played little role in international affairs

 18 TH century rulers believed it was their duty to have citizens be religious  Beginnings of religious toleration in 18 th cent  Toleration Patent of 1781 = issued by Joseph II of Austria -> granted religious toleration and civil/legal rights to non-Catholics in Habsburg Empire

ASHKENAZIC JEWSSEPHARDIC JEWS 1. Largest group of Jews 2. Lived in E. Europe 3. Freedom of movement restricted 4. Forbidden to own land or hold certain jobs 5. Special taxes 6. Pogroms = organized attacks on Jews and Jewish communities 1. Originally expelled from Spain 2. Many went to turkish land others to large cities in euro 3. Free to practice banking and commercial activities 4. Subject to social resentment and discrimination

 No one knows home many Catholics went to church regularly  Catholic religiosity was selective  People still favored external forms of worship – veneration of saints and the virgin, pilgrimages, devotion to relics and images

 In the 18 th century many protestants wanted a deeper personal devotion/relationship with god 1. Pietism in Germany 2. John Wesley in England = Methodism/spiritual revivalism