Types of government Six possibilities (could there be more?)

Direct democracy Established by the Greeks All eligible citizens voted on all decisions Roughly 1/10 to 1/5 of people were eligible

Republic Used by the Romans Powerful senate and popular assemblies Everyone could participate at some level, though the Senate had the most power

Absolute monarchy The monarch has concentrated power and controls all major decisions Ministers appointed by the monarchy might have some influence

Enlightened monarchy Still had absolute power Appointed good advisers and listened to their advice Final decisions still made by monarch

Constitutional monarchy The power of the monarchy is limited by a parliament Parliament comprised of nobles More of a partnership

Representative democracy People elect representatives to put forward their position and concerns in an assembly/parliament Qualification by gender, race or wealth may be a factor

How did government evolve ? Read the following sections in the text book: Page Pages 520 (From Restoration….) – 521 (Constitutional government evolves) Be sure to note key these key terms: Dissolving parliament Cavaliers & Roundheads Dictator CommonwealthRestoration Glorious Revolution Limited monarchyConstitutional government

Why the Civil War in Britain is important to study. First time an elected body (parliament) showed power over a monarch First time a sitting king was tried and executed Limited the power of the Catholic church (and banned Catholics from becoming monarch) First set of citizens’ rights recorded – Bill of Rights – guaranteeing certain rights for citizens Highly influential for future governments in Europe and the US Cavaliers & Roundheads

English Civil War King’s army Parliament’s army (commanded by Cromwell) Execution of a king Charles I condemned to death First time a monarch is tried and executed Parliamentary power Death of Charles proves parliament’s authority Other European countries shocked by the execution

Brief experiment as a republic Britain under ruler of Lord Protector (Cromwell) No monarchy Protestantism rules Catholics tolerated (limited) Puritanical values (strong belief in the role of religion) A king returns Parliament welcomes Charles II to the throne Charles works with parliament

Then came James II….& the glorious revolution James II (brother of Charles I) Saw himself with absolute power: also he was a Catholic Contempt for parliament Parliament shows its power Invites James’ cousin, Mary, to take the throne Her husband is William, a Dutch protestant James flees to France (which is still Catholic) William and Mary assume the throne of England, Scotland & Ireland The new rulers must obey parliament

The Bill of Rights (1689) Before crowning William & Mary, parliament made them accept the Bill of Rights. Required the monarchy to regularly summon parliament. Gave parliament power over spending; barred a Catholic monarch; and gave citizens the right of a trial by jury.

Bill of Rights - effects People elected representatives Power over monarchy Parliament All citizens have natural rights Social contract between the ruled and the rulers Enlightenment Defined by a set of laws Specialization emerges (prime minister, political parties etc.) Government

The big picture

The power of absolute monarchs had been broken Politicians, not kings, gained authority Parliament’s success in Britain paved the way for further changes