University of Palestine Dept. of Urban Planning Introduction to Planning ( EAGD 3304 ) M.A. Architect: Tayseer Mushtaha 17/11/2008

DISCUSSION FOR TODAY WILL COVER; TOWN OR CITY PLANNING Modern Cities IN ADDITION TO PRESENTATION OF ONE OF THE RESEARCH GROUPS (subject … structural planning ) MODERN CITIES

THEORIES OF CITY PLANNING As a reaction to industrial towns, there were many theories for modern and future cities started from the end of the 19th Century until the time being as shown in the following section MODERN CITIES SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

The city is the source and origin of all problems. Each family should have a separate house with a garden at least 400 m2, with a built up area of only 80 m2. His theory depends only on a spine of communication with residential and industrial zones along its sides. This spine ( about 50 meters) binds the new cities with each other. This spine helps the communication between the urban areas of the linear city and the surrounding environment (agricultural areas ). Not only this proposal is for new cities but for existing cities as they can grow in linear fingers and accesses. Four advantages could be satisfied : 1- Better healthy conditions in the city by the availability of sun, ventilation and green areas. 2- Aesthetic advantages through the coordination of buildings with green area. 3- Economic advantages through the industrial and agricultural potentials. 4- Social advantages The Linear City : Soria Mata, 1882 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

-A model of a small city ( about 3 km2, with residents not more than 11,000 inhabitant. -Central public space with a distinguished land mark in (like a tower ), around this square are public buildings followed by houses. The size of the residential unit decreases as we go far from the center. This is because low income people are planned to be closer to industrial and agricultural land. -Closed city, could not be extended The City Model - James Buckingham SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

The concept of planning should be the control of land uses in the city and the relationship between uses, and the future expansion of the city. Classified 7 zones that are organized in a regular semicircular shape and separated by green belts: –Public buildings –Rich family houses (villas) –High rise buildings for high income –Mixed commercial and residential uses zone –Labor workshops zone –Stores and factories zone –Green areas and gardens Public land ownership - 100, ,0000 residents Density in separate houses ( 5 units/acre) and in other areas ( 40 units/acre The City of Tomorrow- Theodor Fritsch, 1896 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

An idea to orient the urban growth around London A mixture of the advantages of the city and the village, and to avoid disadvantages as well. Proposed a set of 6 small cities (32,000 res. ) separated by a green belt that used in agriculture and recreation. Each city is planned as a complete society and affords all economic, social and cultural needs. Public land ownership for all residents Used the circular shape for the city (radius about 6.5 kms, divided into 6 parts by radial accesses from the centre outwards Garden City – The city of tomorrow, E. Howard,1898 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

The central area of the city is surrounded by public and cultural buildings surrounded by gardens. People catch these buildings by walking. Factories and stores are laid on the outside ring road that surrounds the city connected by the rail road. Radial roads (Boulevards – 30 m) divide the city into 6 parts intersected with ring roads (Avenues – 130 m) Applied in Letchwort – Germany – Hampsted city. Garden City – The city of tomorrow, E. Howard,1898 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

An ideal city dominated by green areas.. A relationship between soil, buildings and people. At least one acre to each family to achieve low density. Minimum required highways to connect the spread out urban functions. Land uses according to physical and natural conditions … Public services on road crossings. Grid system of roads Mixed housing types instead of social segregation. “ Democratic city “ The distribution of activities requires the use of car. Broad acre City- F. L. Wright, 1920 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

The concept of the city is to dissolute and decrease the difference between the city and country- The agricultural areas include related services and cultural centers that serve a group of villages. Zones of residence and wok are close to each other and could be achieved by walking. The city consists of a center core that has 24 skyscrapers ( 60 floors) for administrative and commercial activities. This core is surrounded by residential areas that surrounded by a green belt that separates it from industrial zones and garden cities. The City of Tomorrow - Lecorbousier, 1922 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

A grid system of roads and a sequence of land use. The residential block is about 200/400ms Skyscrapers are connected by pedestrian corridors and there is a metro in the city with stations on the road crossings. The city is designed for 3,000,000 residents ( density for residential areas is about 50 units /acre, and in the city center is about 1200 res /acre – The built up areas are about 5% from the area of the city. The City of Tomorrow-Lecorbousier, 1922 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

Present problems of inflated cities will have been resolved with the undertaking of social and economic innovations ( after war world). The Metropolis that he proposed consists of many small cells of 100,000 residents each ( The diameter of the cell not more than 1.5 mile). Each cell has its services (Decentralization ). Each worker or student walks only 15 minutes to reach schools and work places. Stability, Permanency and homogeneity among residents. The Core cell has the C.B.D. and the administrative, academic, and cultural buildings like the auditorium and the public library. A sequence of zones : work areas, residential with different densities on the edges of the city. The Inflation of large Cities- E. Gloeden, 1923 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 There are separate cells for special uses that serve the whole city that need to be isolated because of noise. The proposed net density is about 100 residents/acre

Aesthetic Approach for the city and a new zoning concept. Metropolis core includes Business, arts and science activities with a hollow core between. A sector city – each sector is devoted to a major use Density is about 50 residential unit / acre Extension of zones along radials The Metropolis of Tomorrow – Ferris, 1929 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

The residential unit includes the houses, services (elementary school, garden, commercial shops ) with restricted flow of cars Enforce the social life of the people. Criteria: –Size : The radius is ¼ - ½ mile from the elementary school to the farthest area of the nd. –Area : about 1 square mile –Boundaries: Road network to keep the independence of the nd. –Open spaces: 10% of the nd area. –Services : included inside except large scale services are laid on the boundaries. –Internal road system: Planned not to encourage through traffic. –Density: The proposed residents in the nd. Are ( the required no for establishing an elementary school). Density is about 5 units/acre Neighborhood Unit - Clarence Perry, 1929 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

Depended on the residential nd. idea to achieve social objectives – No. of residents at the nd. is The organic pyramid composition of the city: 1- Neighbourhood ( ) 2- Quarter ( ) with a high school, cultural and recreational center and administrative and commercial stores 3- city ( about 100, ,000 ) 4- regional city 5- region Density : about 10 res./ acre Human scale in city planning- J. Sert, 1944 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

A planning concept for the Metropolis. Urban sectors with low and medium density radiates from the city center ( business core) that is surrounded by residences with high density. 6 parts radiate from the business core and separated by green areas. Each one is considered as a linear city with a concentration of activities near the city center. Surrounded by a ring road where the heavy industry. Density : about 6 units / acre. New City Pattern- Sanders and Rabuck, 1946 SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

The concept is that the human has a role in the environment. Hexagon shape of 6 sections. Each one is connected with the city center and with the agricultural areas outwards. The city is designed to have 2,000,000 res. including its region. Each section is considered a complete town of about 200,000 urban res. and 100,000 semi- urban res. The Town and Environment - Goodman Brs. (Metropolitan Region) SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

The urban core includes all industrial, commercial activities and governmental and public activities Density is about 180 res./acre The Town and Environment - Goodman Brs. (Metropolitan Region) SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

NEXT MEETING ON 24/11/2008 NEXT MEETING WILL BE STUDENTS PRESENTATIONS (NEIGHBORHOOD) MINUTES EACH GROUP GROUP 1. ( WALLA’A, HEBA,BODOOR) GROUP 2. ( BASAM,MONTHER, MAHER,MAJED) GROUP 3. ( AYMEN, MOHAMMED H., MOHAMMED A.T.) GOOD LUCK