Congress Middle School Pre-Medical Magnet Program 2008 Presented by: Diana Herec, Medical Magnet Coordinator

Anatomy and Physiology Human A & P Anatomy and Physiology

The Cranium The skull forms the skeleton of the head, and consists of the following: The cranium The mandible The hyoid bone at the base of the tongue

The Following Anterior View Shows: #1: Parietal bone #3: Temporal bone #6: Mental foramen #7: Mandible #10: Maxilla #11: Zygomatic bone #13: Frontal bone

Anterior View of Cranium #1: Parietal #3: Temporal #6: Mental Foramen #7: Mandible #10: Maxilla #11: Zygomatic #13: Frontal

Let’s See, that was: #1: Parietal bone #3: Temporal bone #6: Mental foramen #7: Mandible #10: Maxilla #11: Zygomatic bone #13: Frontal bone

Now You Try! #’s 1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13 #1: Parietal #3: Temporal #6: Mental foramen #7: Mandible #10: Maxilla #11: Zygomatic #13: Frontal

The Neurocranium The neurocranium surrounds and protects the brain and part of the brain stem

The Lower Skull The facial cranium is the lower part of the skull that underlies the face 14 bones make up the facial cranium You will not need to know all 14 for this class

The Following Posterior View Shows: #1: Sagittal suture #3: Temporal bone #4: Lambdoid suture #5: Mastoid process #6: Mandible #8: Occipital bone #9: Parietal bone

Cranium – Posterior #1: Sagittal suture #3: Temporal bone #4: Lambdoid suture #5: Mastoid process #6: Mandible #8: Occipital bone #9: Parietal bone

Let’s See, that was the: #1: Sagittal suture #3: Temporal bone #4: Lambdoid suture #5: Mastoid process #6: Mandible #8: Occipital bone #9: Parietal bone

Now You Try! #’s 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 #1: Sagittal suture #3: Temporal bone #4: Lambdoid suture #5: Mastoid process #6: Mandible #8: Occipital bone #9: Parietal bone

The Following Lateral View Shows: #2: Parietal bone #3: Lambdoid suture #4: Occipital bone #8: Mandible #9: Maxilla #11: Nasal bone #14: Frontal bone #15: Coronal Suture

Cranium – Lateral View #1: Parietal bone #2: Lambdoid suture #3: Occipital bone #4: Mastoid process #5: Mandible #6: Mental foramen #8: Maxilla #11: Zygomatic #12: Nasal bone #17: Frontal bone #18: Coronal suture

Let’s See, that was: #1: Parietal bone #2: Lambdoid suture #3: Occipital bone #4: Mastoid process #5: Mandible #6: Mental foramen #8: Maxilla #11: Zygomatic #12: Nasal bone #17: Frontal bone #18: Coronal suture

Now You Try! #’s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 17, 18 #1: Parietal bone #2: Lambdoid suture #3: Occipital bone #4: Mastoid process #5: Mandible #6: Mental foramen #8: Maxilla #11: Zygomatic #12: Nasal bone #17: Frontal bone #18: Coronal suture

Articulations The four major bones of the neurocranium: Occipital Parietal Temporal Frontal These bones join at sutures, which are bound together by fibrous connective tissue

Articulations The base of the skull articulates with the atlas (C1), the first cervical vertebra of the vertebral column The mandible articulates with the two temporal bones on each side at the temporomandibular joint

Individual Vertebrae The following views are vertebrae from the human spinal column Some are neck vertebrae and others are mid- and lower-back vertebrae Most vertebrae consist (are made up of) the same parts

Cervical Vertebrae – C1 and C2 Superior View What are the names for C1 and C2? Answer: C1=Atlas and C2=Axis What is unique about these two vertebrae? Answer: They articulate for head nod and pivot What is the difference between C1 and all other vertebrae? Answer: C1 has no body or spinous process – it is basically a “ring”

C1 and C2 Let’s see, we said that C 1 was called what? Hint: Maps of the world are also known as this Answer: Atlas And the name for C2? Hint: The earth spins on this Answer: Axis C1 is shaped like this piece of jewelry. Answer: a ring

Cervical Vertebrae – C1 and C2 Superior View continued… Do you recognize view #1? Answer: C1-7 Cervical Vertebrae Do you recognize view #6? Answer: Spinous process of Axis Do you recognize view #7? Answer: Transverse process of Axis Do you recognize view #9? Answer: Body of Axis

Name views 1, 6, 7, and 9 Cervical vertebrae 1-7 Spinous process of axis Transverse process of axis Body of axis Axis is your 2nd neck vertebrae

Cervical Vertebrae C3-7, Superior View Do you recognize view #1? Answer: C1-7 Cervical Vertebrae Do you recognize view #2? Answer: Spinous process Do you recognize view #6? Answer: Transverse process Do you recognize view #7? Answer: Body Do you recognize view #9? Answer: Vertebral foramen

Thoracic Vertebra – Superior View How many thoracic vertebrae are in the human body? Answer: 12 (T1-12) T1-12 lie between the cervical and lumbar regions and attached to what bones? Answer: ribs The articular processes project up and down from the left and right sides of the vertebral arch and form joints. What are these joints called? Answer: Facet joints

Thoracic Vertebra – Superior View continued… Do you know view #4? Answer: Spinous process Do you know view #5? Answer: Vertebral body Do you know View #6? Answer; Vertebral foramen Numbers 3 and 7 are facet joints Did you notice that all vertebrae except C1 and 2 are practically the same?

Lumbar Vertebra – Superior View How many lumbar vertebrae are in the human body? Answer: five (L1-5) Do you know view #3? Answer: Spinous process Do you know view #7? Answer: Body Do you know view #8? Answer: Transverse process

Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae Each thoracic vertebrae, like most all vertebrae, have similar structures: a body, vertebral arch, spinous process, pair of transverse processes and two pairs of articular processes Lumbar vertebrae are the largest in the body. Their large size directly relates to weight-bearing responsibilities

The Spinal Column Can you name views #1-5? Answers: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx What directional view is this spine facing? Answer: posterior Can you name views #6-9? #6: Transverse process; #7: Spinous processes; #8: C2/Axis; #9: C1/Atlas

Spinal Column Articulations The vertebral column is flexible due to its many articulations Although acting as a single unit, it is really the sum of many small movements (at joints between the vertebrae) Each vertebra forms three separate joints with the vertebra above or below it: with a pair of facet joints and a single anterior intervertebral joint T1-10 articulate with rib pairs 1-10

Spinal Column continued… Do you know the directional view we are looking at now? Answer: lateral Is this view a left or right view? Answer: left Again, can you name the five regions of the human spinal column? Answer: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx

Spinal Column continued… Do you know what view #1 represents? Answer: Intervertebral disks Do you know what #4 represents? Answer: Lumbar vertebrae Do you know what #2 and #3 represent? Answer: #2=sacrum and #3=coccyx

The Following are Arms and Legs. They Include: Humerus Radius Ulna Femur Tibia Fibula Talus

Extremities – Legs Can you name view #13? Answer: Talus bones Answer: Fibula Can you name view #15? Answer: Tibia Can you name view #16? Patella Can you name view #17? Answer: Femur

Talus Bone Although considered a foot bone, the talus articulates with the tibia and fibula at the ankle joint We will learn more about the feet and hands later in term 3

Extremities -- Arms Can you differentiate between the front and back view of these arm photos? Explain. Answer: Left is front and Right is back view. Ribs show on front and scapula shows on back Can you name view #2? Answer: Humerus Can you name view #3? Answer: radius Can you name view # 4? Answer: Ulna

Let’s Name the Arm and Leg Bones Again Humerus, our upper arm Radius, our lower arm Ulna, also our lower arm Femur, our upper leg Tibia, our lower leg Fibula, also our lower leg Talus, a foot/ankle bone

Next, The Pelvic Our pelvic consists of the following: Sacroiliac joint Greater sciatic foramen Femur Ischium Coccyx Sacrospinous ligament Ilium

Pelvic Can you name view #1? Answer: Sacroiliac joint Answer: Greater sciatic foramen Can you name view #4? Answer: Femur Can you name view #5? Answer: Ischium Can you name view #8 Answer: Coccyx Can you name view #9? Answer: Sacrospinous ligament Can you name view #11? Answer: Ilium

Pelvic continued… How can you tell this is an anterior view of the pelvic? Answer: rings and body of vertebrae can be seen Name view #1. Answer: Iliac crest Name view #2. Answer: Anterior superior iliac spine Name view #6. Answer: Ischium Name view #10. Answer: Coccyx Name view #12. Answer: Sacrum Name view #14. Answer: Ilium

Pelvic Articulation with Femur Can you identify view #1? Answer: Head of the femur Can you identify view #2? Answer: Ligament of head of femur Note that the ligament has been cut to reveal the socket where the head of the femur fits into Can you identify view #3? Answer: Ischium Can you identify view #6? Answer: Ilium

Coming Soon!!! Thoracic Region

Please Pronounce the Following Cranium Mandible Parietal bone Temporal bone Mental foramen Maxilla Zygomatic bone Frontal bone Neurocranium

Please Say the Following: 11. Sagittal suture 12. Lambdoid suture 13. Coronal suture 14. Articulation 15. Cervical 16. Thoracic 17. Lumbar 18. Sacrum 19. Coccyx 20. Spinous process

Say these: 21. Atlas 22. Axis 23. Vertebral foramen 24. Humerus 25. Radius 26. Ulna 27. Femur 28. Tibia 29. Fibula 30. Talus