Roman Wars Rome would see war after war in its drive to Empire. From 366 – 265 BCE Rome embarked on its Italian Wars starting first in the north, then taking the center and finally the south of Italy by 265. It then began the Punic Wars in an effort to take control of the Mediterranean and Sicily. 1st Punic War ( BCE) over Sicily was a long war but ended in wiping Carthage out as a naval power. 2nd Punic War (218 – 201 BCE) for almost 20 years Hannibal terrorizes Rome but is defeated in the end in Carthage at the battle of Zama by Scipio Africanus. 3rd Punic War ( BCE) Rome treacherously attacks Carthage and destroys it making sure it can never be a threat again. The 3 Macedonian Wars are fought off and on from 200 – 133 BCE when all of the Greek city states are finally brought under Roman control. Iberian Wars are fought from 197 to 133 BCE to gain full control of Spain and Portugal. Gallic Wars fought be Julius Caesar to take control of Gaul or today’s France. These are some but not all the wars fought while the Republic was in place.

The Punic Wars

Dispute over control of Sicily and trade routes in the western Mediterranean brought Rome into conflict with the powerful North African city-state of Carthage Carthage Carthage had been founded as Phoenician colony 500 years earlier Result was the three Punic Wars BC

The First Punic War naval Primarily a naval war ship Tactics: maneuver ship to ram and sink enemy experienced Carthage: very good, experienced naval power small little Rome: small navy, little experience Defeated Defeated repeatedly by Carthaginian navy

ROME WINS THE FIRST ONE surrender Rome would not surrender changing Finally turned tables on Carthage by changing rules of naval warfare huge Equipped ships with huge hooks and stationed soldiers on ships board Would hook enemy ship, pull nearby, board it with soldiers mini-land Converted naval warfare into mini-land battles, something Rome Rome was very good at

Historical Impact Carthage is limited to One Hundred Ships = not really a “Navy”. Carthage forced to pay fines. Rome gets Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. Rome controls the Western half of the Mediterranean Sea Causes the Second Punic War…

Second The Second Punic War Hannibal is at the Gates "Hannibal ad portas" ( “ Hannibal is at the Gates! ” ) Hannibal Spain Alps Carthagian general Hannibal surprises Romans, leads army from Spain, through southern France and the Alps north Invades Italy from the north with elephant elephant army several hesitates Defeats Roman armies sent to stop him several times but hesitates to attack Rome itself attrition Settles on war of attrition in hope of destroying Roman economic base

Hannibal ROME WINS THE SECOND ONE army North Africa Unable to defeat Hannibal in Italy, a Roman army sailed across the Mediterranean, landed in North Africa, and headed for Carthage patrician Led by patrician general Scipio Aemilius Africanus Italy Carthage Hannibal forced to leave Italy to protect Carthage Zama Defeated at the Battle of Zama, fought outside the walls of Carthage

Historical Impact Rome gets Spain. Rome has much greater control of the Mediterranean Region. Rome makes the mistake of allowing Carthage and Hannibal to survive. Causes the Third Punic War.

fire steel "I swear that so soon as age will permit... I will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome." ~~Hannibal Quote Born about Died 183BC Hannibal-the-Conqueror

Hannibal Barca ( BC) *Carthaginian general *Brilliant strategist *Developed tactics of outflanking and surrounding the enemy with the combined forces of infantry and cavalry As a boy of 9, begged his father, Hamilcar Barca, to take him on the campaign in Spain Hamilcar, made him solemnly swear eternal hatred of Rome.

After Hannibal’s defeat, he remained a suffete (civil magistrate) of the newly acquired Roman territory Organized financial reforms to pay back Rome for their prosecution of war Political enemies accused him in Rome of conspiring with King Antiochus III of Syria When Romans sent commission to investigate, fled Carthage and went into hiding

Hannibal poisoned himself when threatened with being taken as a prisoner He did so in Libyssa, close to today's Istanbul in Turkey. Ruins of grave site near Diliskelesi, South of Gebze, 60km East of Istanbul “ Let us release the Romans from their long anxiety, since they think it too long to wait for the death of an old man. ”

The Third Punic War finished Carthage was finished after Second Punic War suicide Hannibal committed suicide Economy Economy shattered Rome Lost all territory to Rome revive But some Romans feared it might revive someday and challenge Rome again Cato the Elder Notably Cato the Elder map Pushed for another war that would wipe Carthage off the face of the map

ROME WINS THE THIRD ONE defenseless Due to Cato’s persistent efforts, Rome declares war against defenseless Carthage Wins Wins easily slavery Entire population of city sold into slavery value Everything of value carried back to Rome sea Everything else burned and dumped into the sea salt Site sown with salt so that nothing would ever grow there again disappeared Carthage completely disappeared

Historical Impact Carthaginians were either killed or enslaved. Hannibal is dead, committing suicide rather than allowing the Romans to torture him. Carthage and the North African Region become a Roman Province. Rome expands its influence and power. “Mare Nostrum” Latin for “Our Sea.”

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